Lesson 32: HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY GLAND AND THYROID GLAND

Question 1

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 1

ADH and oxytocin, that are carried through nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary gland for storage.

Question 2

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 2

If osmoreceptors sense dehydration, neurally induced ADH release follows. The hormone targets the distal convoluted tubules of nephrons, opening the pores and allowing water reabsorption from the urine to correct dehydration.

Question 3

oxytocin

Answer 3

The other hormone of the hypothalamus that is stored in the pituitary gland is oxytocin, two main functions in females. It stimulates the uterine contractions that occur during labor and delivery, and it contracts the ducts in mammary tissue during lactation causing milk ejection from breast tissue

Question 4

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 4

a protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates body cells to increase in size and divide more rapidly

Question 5

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Answer 5

The hypothalamus produces growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) to promote GH production by the pituitary

Question 6

epiphyseal discs

Answer 6

At birth, the cartilage has been replaced by bone except at thin disks near the top and bottom of each bone. The discs are these

Question 7

hypopituitary dwarfism

Answer 7

This is characterized by short stature but a body that is still normally proportioned., little GH

Question 8

gigantism

Answer 8

Before disk closure, too much GH causes gigantism- the individual grows much larger than normal. Height may exceed eight feet. But again, the body has normal proportions.

Question 9

acromegaly

Answer 9

Now excess growth hormone, Bones grow thicker rather than longer. Soft tissue accumulates producing enlarged fingers, toes and facial features. The brow and jaw protrude and the tongue enlarges

Question 10

somatomedin

Answer 10

Growth hormone causes the liver to release a factor called somatomedin that is also necessary to promote growth

Question 11

prolactin

Answer 11

The anterior pituitary also produces prolactin, a hormone that stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.

Question 12

prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Answer 12

The hypothalamus releases prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) to reduce prolactin release by the pituitary. PIH levels fall during pregnancy and shortly after the birth of a child, she begins producing breast milk.

Question 13

thyroid gland

Answer 13

It consists of right and left lobes connected inferiorly by a portion of the gland called the isthmus, Hormones of the thyroid gland regulate metabolic rate and hormones of both the thyroid and parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium levels

Question 14

parathyroid glands

Answer 14

On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are four small glands called this,

Question 15

thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 15

The thyroid gland produces, act to increase metabolic rate

Question 16

thyroid follicles

Answer 16

Hormones controlling metabolic rate are produced here

Question 17

colloid

Answer 17

Follicles are composed of spheres of simple cuboidal epithelium filled with a glycoprotein substance called this

Question 18

thyroglobulin

Answer 18

These hormones are produced in the colloid and stored on large molecules called this, to be released from the colloid as needed.

Question 19

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Answer 19

stimulates the synthesis of thyroxin and T3 and their release into the blood from the thyroglobulin molecules.

Question 20

calcitonin

Answer 20

is produced by cells between the follicles

Question 21

iodine and the amino acid tyrosine.

Answer 21

The raw materials required for hormone production in the follicles

Question 22

euthyroid.

Answer 22

Persons with normal circulating levels of thyroxin and T3 are termed this

Question 23

hyperthyroidism

Answer 23

If levels of thyroxin and T3 are higher than normal, the condition is termed

Question 24

hypothyroidism

Answer 24

If levels of thyroxin and T3 are lower than normal, the condition is termed

Question 25

(BMR) basal metabolic rate

Answer 25

This is a measure of the minimum amount of oxygen consumption necessary to maintain the body in a totally rested condition. The normal adult value is about 250 ml of oxygen per minute

Question 26

Thyroid disease

Answer 26

may be caused by a defect in the thyroid gland itself (a primary defect), or by defects in glands that control thyroid secretion (a secondary defect).

Question 27

toxic goiter

Answer 27

An enlarged thyroid gland in the hyperthyroid patient

Question 28

exophthalmus

Answer 28

Hyperthyroidism is often accompanied by edema formation in the back of the orbits of the eyes. The result is a characteristic bulging of the eyeballs referred to as this

Question 29

Graves’s disease

Answer 29

The most common type of hyperthyroidism, is caused by defect in the immune system and is accompanied by exophthalmus

Question 30

simple goiter

Answer 30

It is important to realize that hypothyroidism can also produce enlargement of the gland

Question 31

cretinism

Answer 31

Thyroid deficiency in newborn infants causes retarded growth and mental retardation