33: ADRENAL GLANDS AND PANCREAS

Question 1

adrenal gland

Answer 1

composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla

Question 2

secretory activity of the adrenal cortex

Answer 2

is controlled through the renin-angiotensin system and by negative feedback involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

Question 3

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

Hormone release from the medulla is initiated by nerve impulses from the sympathetic nervous system as part of the body’s normal response to stress.

Question 4

hormonal output of the medulla

Answer 4

About 75% of the hormonal output of the medulla is epinephrine (adrenalin) and 25% is norepinephrine., blood pressure

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

increases blood pressure primarily by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, thereby increasing cardiac output

Question 6

norepinephrine

Answer 6

vasoconstricts blood vessels in all target organs, causing a significant increase in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.

Question 7

glycogenolysis

Answer 7

(literally, the lysis of glycogen), Epinephrine also helps to elevate blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, this process

Question 8

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 8

help
maintain electrolyte
balance by increasing the
reabsorption of sodium
ions from the distal
convoluted tubules in
renal nephrons.

Question 9

aldosterone

Answer 9

Themain human mineralocorticoid

Question 10

glucocorticoids

Answer 10

help to insure the
body has enough available fuel to meet its energy
needs.

Question 11

glucose

Answer 11

The main fuel of the body

Question 12

gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

glucocorticoids help provide glucose by mobilizing
fatty acids and amino acids and stimulating the liver
enzymes that then convert them into glucose by the
process of gluconeogenesis (literally, the birth of
new glucose)

Question 13

cortisol

Answer 13

The primary glucocorticoid in

humans

Question 14

CRH
(corticotrophin releasing hormone) & ACTH (adrenocorticotropic
hormone)

Answer 14

Release of cortisol is

stimulated by this

Question 15

androgenic

Answer 15

The sex steroids of the adrenal cortex are

androgenic (male) sex hormones.

Question 16

Addison’s disease

Answer 16

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex occurs
in Addison’s disease, characterized by muscular
weakness and fatigue caused by hypoglycemia
related to insufficient cortisol. A more serious
problem is the reduced sodium ion and water
uptake due to lack of aldosterone.

Question 17

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 17

Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex is
called Cushing’s syndrome. Excess amounts of
cortisol cause significant loss of protein to
gluconeogenesis. Muscle wasting, bruising, poor
healing, thinning of the skin and osteoporosis all
result.

Question 18

pancreas,

Answer 18

an important accessory
organ of the digestive system, is also the source of
the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon.

Question 19

blood glucose concentration

Answer 19

80 and 120 mg per 100 ml of blood

Question 20

islets of Langerhans

Answer 20

Scattered throughout the pancreas are clusters of endocrine cells, these

Question 21

The two main cell types in the islets

Answer 21

alpha cells that produce the hormone glucagon, and the beta cells that produce insulin.

Question 22

Insulin

Answer 22

has the effect of lowering blood glucose by increasing the uptake of glucose into liver, muscle and adipose tissue cells. In

Question 23

glycogen

Answer 23

In liver and muscle, the glucose taken up is converted to this storage molecule

Question 24

hyperglycemia

Answer 24

The stimulus for insulin release from beta cells is hyperglycemia- high blood glucose.

Question 25

Glucagon

Answer 25

acts to increase blood glucose by releasing it from the liver.

Question 26

hypoglycemia

Answer 26

The stimulus for glucagon production is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Question 27

Polyuria

Answer 27

(increased urine output) as glucose draws water into the urine by osmosis

Question 28

Polydypsia

Answer 28

(increased thirst) to replace water lost in urine,

Question 29

Ketosis

Answer 29

(fruity smelling ketone molecules in the blood) caused by over-using fat oxidation as an energy source,

Question 30

Acidosis

Answer 30

(high concentration of hydrogen ions [low pH] in the blood) caused by the acidic ketone residues,

Question 31

Coma

Answer 31

resulting from acidotic suppression of nervous system.

Question 32

insulin shock.

Answer 32

Taking too much insulin causes the diabetic to go into this