24: The Brain

Question 1

Brain Stem

Answer 1

The Mesencephalon, the poins, and the medulla oblongata

Question 2

Six parts of the brain

Answer 2

the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the pons and the medulla oblongata

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

makes up about two-thirds of the brain. It is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

longitudinal fissure

Answer 4

Seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 5

Four Lobes

Answer 5

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

Question 6

central sulcus

Answer 6

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes

Question 7

lateral sulcus

Answer 7

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobes

Question 8

cerebral cortex

Answer 8

outer five millimeters or so thickness of the cerebrum is composed of dense layers of nerve cell bodies and appears as gray matter

Question 9

gyrus

Answer 9

Each surface convolution formed In order to accommodate the large number of neurons, the surface is thrown into folds are these

Question 10

sulcus

Answer 10

The depression or fold between gyri

Question 11

sensory, motor, and association areas

Answer 11

Located in the Cortex

Question 12

precentral gyrus

Answer 12

(the cortex region just anterior to the central sulcus) is a somatic motor area

Question 13

post central gyrus

Answer 13

(the cortex area just posterior to the central sulcus) is a somatic sensory area. Direct stimulation of this part of the cortex would be perceived by the subject as something touching a certain part of their body

Question 14

temporal lobe

Answer 14

associated with hearing

Question 15

occipital lobe cortex

Answer 15

associated with vision

Question 16

left hemisphere

Answer 16

For most of us, this hemisphere is the categorical or “dominant” hemisphere, Language and all language-based abilities including science, math and logic, are seated in the categorical hemisphere

Question 17

motor speech area (Broca’s area)

Answer 17

found in the frontal lobe of the categorical hemisphere enables us to communicate in words,

Question 18

representational hemisphere

Answer 18

opposite hemisphere (right for most of us, It is the seat of imagination, music, art, perception of patterns, spatial relationships, and comparisons of smells, tastes, sights, and sounds

Question 19

association areas

Answer 19

Besides sensory and motor areas, all lobes of the cortex also contain these

Question 20

general interpretive area (Wernicke’s area)

Answer 20

developed in the categorical (usually left) hemisphere and is considered to be the seat of intelligence.

Question 21

corpus callosum

Answer 21

Allows The cortex of the right hemisphere to communicate with the cortex of the left hemisphere via its myelinated fibers, (located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure)

Question 22

basal ganglia

Answer 22

regions of gray matter deep within the cerebrum

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

A region in the temporal lobes, serves as the center of the limbic system,

Question 24

cerebellum.

Answer 24

(Located below the occipital lobe and behind the brain stem is the second largest portion of the brain) coordinates muscle movements, making them occur in a smooth and fluid way

Question 25

diencephalon

Answer 25

is located at the top of the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebrum,Its two main parts are the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 26

thalamus

Answer 26

serves as a relay center for higher areas of the brain. It is a crude sensory area

Question 27

hypothalamus

Answer 27

is a link between the nervous system that communicates with electrical impulses and the endocrine system that communicates with hormones, produces ADH & Oxytocin

Question 28

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 28

produced by hypothalamus, that acts on the kidney to retain water

Question 29

oxytocin

Answer 29

produced by hypothalamus,stimulates uterine contractions

Question 30

hypothalamus controls

Answer 30

a thirst center, a center controlling appetite, one regulating body temperature, and an area controlling sexual cycles, to name a few, alos contains reward and punishment regions

Question 31

mesencephalon

Answer 31

(midbrain) extending down from the diencephalon

Question 32

reticular formation

Answer 32

also called the reticular activating system, acts to control the flow of information passing through the brain stem. When the reticular formation is active, we’re awake., filters out extra sensory input

Question 33

Types of sleep

Answer 33

slow-wave and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Question 34

human brain abilities

Answer 34

acquiring new information (learning), storing and retrieving information (memory) and eliminating trivial or unused information (forgetting)

Question 35

anterograde amnesia

Answer 35

Brain injured persons unable to store new information

Question 36

retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

Brain injured persons unable to retrieve existing information

Question 37

declarative memory

Answer 37

the ability to recall past events

Question 38

skill (procedural) memory

Answer 38

the ability to tie your shoes, for example

Question 39

hippocampus

Answer 39

(in the temporal lobes) is an important learning center

Question 40

Short-term memory

Answer 40

lasts for seconds and enables us to remember what just happened

Question 41

Intermediate long-term memory

Answer 41

can last for minutes (looking for lost car keys) or hours (“cramming” for an exam).

Question 42

Long-term memory

Answer 42

enables large amounts of information to be stored up to a lifetime

Question 43

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 43

Cavities within the brain contain capillary tufts that produce this filtrate of blood closely resembling plasma

Question 44

meninges

Answer 44

Surrounding the brain and spinal cord are three layers of connective tissue membranes

Question 45

(dura mater and arachnoid mater

Answer 45

The outer two layers form a sort of loose sack around the brain and spinal cord

Question 46

pia mater

Answer 46

A third layer, fits tightly over the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Question 47

subarachnoid space

Answer 47

The space thus formed between the arachnoid mater and pia mater,

Question 48

hydrocephalus

Answer 48

Since the skull cannot expand, any accumulation of CSF would increase intracranial pressure (that is normally about 10 mm Hg) and squeeze brain capillaries leading to permanent brain damage

Question 49

cranial nerves

Answer 49

twelve pairs, emerge from the diencepahlon and brain stem. They are involved with motor and sensory function associated with the head and neck