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Systems Physiology > 24: The Brain > Flashcards

24: The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Stem

A

The Mesencephalon, the poins, and the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Six parts of the brain

A

the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the pons and the medulla oblongata

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3
Q

cerebrum

A

makes up about two-thirds of the brain. It is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

Four Lobes

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

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6
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes

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7
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobes

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8
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer five millimeters or so thickness of the cerebrum is composed of dense layers of nerve cell bodies and appears as gray matter

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9
Q

gyrus

A

Each surface convolution formed In order to accommodate the large number of neurons, the surface is thrown into folds are these

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10
Q

sulcus

A

The depression or fold between gyri

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11
Q

sensory, motor, and association areas

A

Located in the Cortex

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12
Q

precentral gyrus

A

(the cortex region just anterior to the central sulcus) is a somatic motor area

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13
Q

post central gyrus

A

(the cortex area just posterior to the central sulcus) is a somatic sensory area. Direct stimulation of this part of the cortex would be perceived by the subject as something touching a certain part of their body

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14
Q

temporal lobe

A

associated with hearing

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15
Q

occipital lobe cortex

A

associated with vision

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16
Q

left hemisphere

A

For most of us, this hemisphere is the categorical or “dominant” hemisphere, Language and all language-based abilities including science, math and logic, are seated in the categorical hemisphere

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17
Q

motor speech area (Broca’s area)

A

found in the frontal lobe of the categorical hemisphere enables us to communicate in words,

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18
Q

representational hemisphere

A

opposite hemisphere (right for most of us, It is the seat of imagination, music, art, perception of patterns, spatial relationships, and comparisons of smells, tastes, sights, and sounds

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19
Q

association areas

A

Besides sensory and motor areas, all lobes of the cortex also contain these

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20
Q

general interpretive area (Wernicke’s area)

A

developed in the categorical (usually left) hemisphere and is considered to be the seat of intelligence.

21
Q

corpus callosum

A

Allows The cortex of the right hemisphere to communicate with the cortex of the left hemisphere via its myelinated fibers, (located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure)

22
Q

basal ganglia

A

regions of gray matter deep within the cerebrum

23
Q

amygdala

A

A region in the temporal lobes, serves as the center of the limbic system,

24
Q

cerebellum.

A

(Located below the occipital lobe and behind the brain stem is the second largest portion of the brain) coordinates muscle movements, making them occur in a smooth and fluid way

25
Q

diencephalon

A

is located at the top of the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebrum,Its two main parts are the thalamus and the hypothalamus

26
Q

thalamus

A

serves as a relay center for higher areas of the brain. It is a crude sensory area

27
Q

hypothalamus

A

is a link between the nervous system that communicates with electrical impulses and the endocrine system that communicates with hormones, produces ADH & Oxytocin

28
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

produced by hypothalamus, that acts on the kidney to retain water

29
Q

oxytocin

A

produced by hypothalamus,stimulates uterine contractions

30
Q

hypothalamus controls

A

a thirst center, a center controlling appetite, one regulating body temperature, and an area controlling sexual cycles, to name a few, alos contains reward and punishment regions

31
Q

mesencephalon

A

(midbrain) extending down from the diencephalon

32
Q

reticular formation

A

also called the reticular activating system, acts to control the flow of information passing through the brain stem. When the reticular formation is active, we’re awake., filters out extra sensory input

33
Q

Types of sleep

A

slow-wave and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

34
Q

human brain abilities

A

acquiring new information (learning), storing and retrieving information (memory) and eliminating trivial or unused information (forgetting)

35
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Brain injured persons unable to store new information

36
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

Brain injured persons unable to retrieve existing information

37
Q

declarative memory

A

the ability to recall past events

38
Q

skill (procedural) memory

A

the ability to tie your shoes, for example

39
Q

hippocampus

A

(in the temporal lobes) is an important learning center

40
Q

Short-term memory

A

lasts for seconds and enables us to remember what just happened

41
Q

Intermediate long-term memory

A

can last for minutes (looking for lost car keys) or hours (“cramming” for an exam).

42
Q

Long-term memory

A

enables large amounts of information to be stored up to a lifetime

43
Q

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A

Cavities within the brain contain capillary tufts that produce this filtrate of blood closely resembling plasma

44
Q

meninges

A

Surrounding the brain and spinal cord are three layers of connective tissue membranes

45
Q

(dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

The outer two layers form a sort of loose sack around the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

pia mater

A

A third layer, fits tightly over the surface of the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

subarachnoid space

A

The space thus formed between the arachnoid mater and pia mater,

48
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Since the skull cannot expand, any accumulation of CSF would increase intracranial pressure (that is normally about 10 mm Hg) and squeeze brain capillaries leading to permanent brain damage

49
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs, emerge from the diencepahlon and brain stem. They are involved with motor and sensory function associated with the head and neck

Systems Physiology (14 decks)

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