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Systems Physiology > 26: Transport & Digestion of Nutrients > Flashcards

26: Transport & Digestion of Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

The digestive system is centered around this tube

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2
Q

segments of the tract

A

in order beginning at the mouth, the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum and anus

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3
Q

Accessory organs associated with the GI tract

A

salivary glands, teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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4
Q

Foods taken into the body must be broken down examples

A

proteins into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

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5
Q

digestion

A

Foods taken into the body must be broken down

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6
Q

absorption

A

The breakdown products must then be transferred into the blood

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7
Q

defecation

A

That which is not absorbed is processed for this

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8
Q

mesentery

A

This membranous web, supports all of the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves that extend to the intestines

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9
Q

mesenteric arteries

A

Blood low in nutrients is carried to the intestines through these that branch directly off the abdominal aorta

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10
Q

mesenteric veins

A

Intestinal capillary beds, described later, receive nutrients absorbed from the gut and transport them through these

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11
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries blood into the liver

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12
Q

hepatic vein

A

Blood from the liver containing the processed nutrients is transported into the inferior vena cava by this

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13
Q

Teeth

A

begin the mechanical digestion of food

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14
Q

deciduous

A

20 baby teeth erupt

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15
Q

permanen

A

They are later replaced by the 32 permanent teeth-eight in each quadrant

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16
Q

Teeth quadrants,

A

beginning at the front and moving back, there are 2 incisors, the cutting teeth; 1 cuspid or canine, the tearing teeth; 2 premolars or bicuspids, the grinding teeth; and 3 molars or tricuspids, also for grinding. The last molar in each quadrant is the wisdom tooth

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17
Q

Chemical digestion

A

begins as saliva is mixed with the food

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18
Q

Saliva

A

is secreted by three pairs of exocrine salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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19
Q

parotid glands

A

in each cheek below and anterior to the ears

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20
Q

submandibular glands

A

in the posterior lower jaw

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21
Q

sublingual glands

A

in the anterior part of the lower jaw under the tongue

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22
Q

salivary ducts

A

Saliva enters the oral cavity through

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23
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that breakdowns the complex carbohydrate called starch into the disaccharides called maltose.

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24
Q

tongue

A

helps to position food in the oral cavity for chewing and swallowing

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25
Q

Taste buds

A

on the surface of the tongue function as chemoreceptors, helping us to identify the nature of substances we are taking into the mouth

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26
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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27
Q

esophagus

A

connects the pharynx to the stomach, 10 inches

28
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

The inner lining of the tract, in esophagus

29
Q

submucosal tissue

A

containing blood and lymph vessels and nerves, in esophagus

30
Q

visceral muscle

A

of esophagus, The inner layer is a circular layer and the outer layer runs longitudinally.

31
Q

fibroserous layer or serosa

A

the outer tissue layer of esophagus

32
Q

mucus

A

The only secretion of the esophagus

33
Q

peristaltic contractions

A

The movement of food downward toward the stomach and then on through the rest of the digestive tract is caused by waves of muscle contractions

34
Q

segmentation contractions

A

Multiple rings of muscle sometimes contract simultaneously, helping mix the contents with digestive juices. These back-and-forth contractions

35
Q

stomach regions

A

The four regions of the stomach, shown in the figure, are the cardia, the fundus, the body and the antrum.

36
Q

stomach layers

A

(mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serosa) and oblique muscle layer below the circular and longitudinal,

37
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

38
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

39
Q

peptic cells

A

that secrete a digestive precursor enzyme called pepsinogen, breaks down large proteins

40
Q

rugae

A

the walls of the empty stomach form thick folds

41
Q

chyme

A

partially digested food

42
Q

intrinsic factor

A

secretion, required for vitamin B-12 absorption

43
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

This phase is reflexly initiated by the sight and smell of good food, stimulating secretory activity and muscle contractions even before the food has entered

44
Q

Gastric Phase

A

The presence of food in the stomach initiates this phase. The lower region of the stomach secretes the hormone gastrin into the blood

45
Q

gastrin

A

When the blood containing gastrin reaches the fundus and body of the stomach, it causes secretion of gastric juices

46
Q

histamine

A

HCl secretion is mediated by it

47
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

Chyme entering the small intestine stimulates it to release the hormone cholecystokinin.

48
Q

cholecystokinin

A

Besides exerting control on the pancreas and gallbladder, cholecystokinin inhibits gastric digestion in the stomach.

49
Q

enterogastric nerve reflex

A

distension of the small intestine produces, causing reduces gastric activity by inhibition of the parasympathetic nerves to the stomach

50
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Emptying of the stomach is controlled by the this muscle located between the stomach and small intestine

51
Q

duodenum

A

first part f the small intestine, It’s less than a foot in length,

52
Q

jejunum

A

making up about 2/5 of the remaining length of the small intestine

53
Q

ileum

A

last part f the small intestine

54
Q

villi

A

the millions of finger-like projections that line the inner wall These projections increase the surface area of the small intestine for more efficient absorption of nutrients,

55
Q

pancreas

A

The pancreas is a flat, glandular organ located below the stomach, two juices

56
Q

Pancreatic juice one

A

The first is a watery type rich in bicarbonate ions that neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum

57
Q

second type of pancreatic juice

A

an enzyme rich mixture.

58
Q

pancreatic duct

A

the pancreas to release enzymes into the duodenum through this

59
Q

amylase

A

for digestion of starch to the maltose

60
Q

enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase

A

that convert these disaccharides to the monosaccharides of glucose, fructose, and galactose

61
Q

proteases

A

including trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, to complete the digestion of peptides entering from the stomach

62
Q

lipase

A

that digests emulsified fat to fatty acid and glycerol

63
Q

Bile

A

Fat digestion is facilitated, is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

64
Q

Bile salts and lecithin

A

in bile act to emulsify fats, that is, break them down into tiny fat droplets

65
Q

Secretin

A

stimulates the liver to produce bile from the steroid molecule cholesterol

Systems Physiology (14 decks)

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