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Experience Biology > Lesson 30 Terms > Flashcards

Lesson 30 Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of the adrenal gland

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2
Q

Adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the inner portion of the adrenal glands that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which produces our fight-or flight responses

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary muscles and glands

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5
Q

Axon

A

long extension from the soma carries messages away from the soma

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6
Q

Axon terminals

A

finger-like projections at the end of the axon

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7
Q

composed of tightly packed cells that prevent large, unwanted molecules from entering the brain

A

Blood brain barrier

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8
Q

Brain stem

A

connects to the spinal cord, and controls involuntary functions

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9
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord enclosed and protected by the skull and vertebrae

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10
Q

Cerebellum is found

A

a) Found at the back of your head under the cerebrum; divided into left and right hemispheres

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11
Q

Cerebellum functions to

A

b) Functions to coordinate skeletal muscle activity

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum

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13
Q

Cerebrum

A

upper portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals; in your nose

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15
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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16
Q

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; vibrations are sent through and stimulate sensory hair cells and are converted to nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

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17
Q

Cones

A

detect color

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18
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent outer covering of the eye

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19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

mass of nerve fibers allowing the hemispheres to communicate

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

finger-like projections carry messages toward the soma

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21
Q

Endocrine system

A

a) Includes: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and the adrenal gland
b) Function: sends chemical messages through the body

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22
Q

found under the forehead; the center of reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, problem solving, and some parts of speech

A

Frontal lobes

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23
Q 
Function
Endocrine glands (gland)
A

An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream

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24
Q

Glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

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25
Q

Gonads

A

glands that produce sex hormones

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26
Q

Gray matter

A

composed primarily of nerve cell bodies; responsible for processing information

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27
Q

Hippocampus

A

processes factual memories

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28
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

area of the brain that secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary gland

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30
Q

Incus

A

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

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31
Q

a group of cells in the pancreas which release the hormone insulin and others release the hormone glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels

A

Islet of Langerhans

32
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

33
Q

Limbic system

A

groups of nerves around the brainstem

34
Q

Interneurons

A

interpret the sensory signal and transfer the message from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

35
Q

Malleus

A

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

36
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

37
Q

Motor neurons

A

convert the message received from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate muscles and glands

38
Q

Neuron

A

electrically excitable cells that carry messages throughout the body

39
Q

molecules released at the axon terminal which travel across the synaptic cleft where they stimulate receptor proteins in the next neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

40
Q

Occipital lobes

A

found in the back of the head; receives input from your eyes and referred to as the visual cortex

41
Q

Pain receptors

A

react by causing you to feel pain

42
Q

Pancreas is part of what system

A

Endocrine system

43
Q

The Pancreas releases what kind of enzymes

A
  1. Releases digestive enzymes to help break down food
44
Q

Papillae

A

taste buds; tiny bumps on the surface of the tongue

45
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

your rest-repose response; sends signals to decrease your heart rate and blood pressure, and contracts stomach muscles for digestion

46
Q

How many Parathyroid glands?

A
  1. Four parathyroid glands, two embedded on each side of the thyroid gland
47
Q

Parathyroid glands release

A
  1. Secrete parathyroid hormone which works opposite of calcitonin to increase blood calcium levels
48
Q

Parietal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

49
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves running through the body that arise from the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

Photoreceptors

A

cause nerve impulses to be carried by the optic nerve to the brain

51
Q
  1. Located deep in the brain
  2. Primarily responsible for regulating your body’s wake and sleep cycle
  3. When light is detected, it secretes serotonin
  4. When no light is detected, it secretes melatonin
A

Pineal gland

52
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the master gland of the endocrine system

53
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris

54
Q

Reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action

55
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

56
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

57
Q

Saccule

A

part of the inner ear; detects backward-forward motion and upward-downward motion

58
Q

Semicircular canals

A

serve as balance sensors and detect left and right tilting, side-to-side motion, and up and down motion

59
Q

Sensory neurons

A

detect sensory stimuli and carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain

60
Q

receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears

A

Sensory organs

61
Q

Soma

A

cell body of a neuron

62
Q

Stapes

A

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

63
Q

your fight-or-flight response; sends signals to raise your heart rate and blood pressure and stimulates your liver to release glucose to produce quick energy

A

Sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Synaptic clef

A

space between two neurons

65
Q

Target cells

A

cells with receptors that respond to specific hormones

66
Q

Temporal lobes

A

found on the sides of the head; associated with speech perception, hearing, and some types of memory

67
Q

Testes

A

male reproductive glands that produce androgens, including testosterone

68
Q

Thalamus

A

routes signals to various parts of the body

69
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to temperature changes

70
Q

Thymus

A
  1. Where T-cells are made, mature, and are trained for what to fight and what to leave alone
71
Q

T-cells that attack invaders enter the bloodstream and reside

A

in the lymphatic tissue

72
Q

Thyroid gland

1. Thyroxine:

A
  1. regulates metabolic rate
73
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

74
Q

Utricle

A

part of the inner ear; detects orientation of the head

75
Q

composed primarily of myelinated axons; responsible for carrying information

A

White matter

Experience Biology (62 decks)

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