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LESSON 3 & 5 (M) Flashcards

1
Q

It has 3 division which are:

Sympathetic
Parasympatheti c
Enteric

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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2
Q

“fight-flight” response

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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3
Q

neurotransmitter: norepinephrine or
noradrenaline

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

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4
Q

majority of the sympathetic fibers are adrenergic

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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5
Q

craniosacral outflow

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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6
Q

“rest-digest” response

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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7
Q

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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8
Q

True or false

Both are under CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS

When the Sympathetic is stimulated, there is increase in BP, HR, and respiratory rate. While the Parasympathetic when stimulated, there is decrease in BP and HR

A

True

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9
Q

also known as the brain of the gut

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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10
Q

myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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11
Q

act on the receptors activated by acetylcholine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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12
Q

choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction of choline with acetyl coenzyme A

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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13
Q

packaged into presynaptic vesicles

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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14
Q

release of their contents into synaptic space

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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15
Q

diffuses across synaptic space & binds to either postsynaptic receptors on target cell or to presynaptic receptors in the membrane that released the acetylcholine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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16
Q

→ choline & acetate

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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17
Q

may be recaptured by the Na-coupled, high affinity uptake system

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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18
Q

SYNAPSE
→ a communication between the neuron and the effector cell

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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19
Q

found in the axon terminal

A

PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
P

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20
Q

found in the effector or target cell

A

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

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21
Q

parts of a synapse are the: (1) presynaptic membrane and
(2) postsynaptic membrane

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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22
Q

→ area of myelinated axon which is not myelinated
→ does not have a covering of myelin or no myelin sheath

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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23
Q

the other part of the axon that is not covered with myelin is
the _______

A

node of Ranvier

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24
Q

Once the action potential arrives at the nerve ending, then there is now an influx of ____ into the cell

A

calcium

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25
Q

→ Muscarinic Receptors
→ Nicotinic Receptors

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

→ Muscarinic Receptors
→ Nicotinic Receptors

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26
Q

milliseconds; chemical synapse; found in cell membrane
(extracellular)

A

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

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27
Q

second messengers/neuromodulators amplify the duration
and intensity of the signal

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS

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28
Q

primarily on autonomic effector cells innervated by
postganglionic parasympathetic nerve

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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29
Q

M1 Receptors

M2 Receptors

M3 Receptors

M4 & M5 Receptors

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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30
Q

→ “neural”

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

M1 receptors

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31
Q

→ “cardiac”

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

M2 receptor

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32
Q

“glandular/smooth muscle”

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

M3 receptor

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33
Q

CNS

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

M4 & M5 receptors

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34
Q

True or false

Acetylcholine promotes the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells in the stomach.

A

True

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35
Q

True or false

The action of cholinergic agonists on the heart is to decrease the heart rate and decrease the cardiac contraction meaning (-) negative chronotropic and (-) negative inotropic.

A

True

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36
Q

CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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37
Q

bind to and active muscarinic or nicotinic receptors

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

Direct-Acting Cholinomimetic

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38
Q

produce their primary effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase which hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline & acetate

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

Indirect-Acting Cholinomimetic

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39
Q

Naturally- Occurring Alkaloids

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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40
Q

o Pilocarpine
o Muscarine
o Arecholine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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41
Q

(-) chronotropic and (-) inotropic effect.

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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42
Q

→ bronchoconstriction
→ increase in tracheobronchial secretion

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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43
Q

→ increase in voiding pressure
→ increase in ureteral peristalsis
(promotion of urination)

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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44
Q

increase in GI motility and increase in HCl production in the stomach

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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45
Q

increase in GI motility and increase in HCl production in the stomach

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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46
Q

stimulation of secretion of lacrimal, nasopharyngeal, salivary, & sweat glands (increase in secretion)

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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47
Q

in the eyes, miosis or contraction of the pupil and accommodation for near vision

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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48
Q

the substance responsible for this vasodilation is the nitric oxide
(NO)

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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49
Q

BETHANECHOL

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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50
Q

therapeutic uses:
o treatment of urinary retention & inadequate emptying in
post-op urinary retention
o stimulates peristalsis, increase in motility, increase in resting
lower esophageal sphincter pressure

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A.

BETHANECHOL

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51
Q

therapeutic uses:
o miotic agent to treat glaucoma by causing pupillary
contraction & decrease in intraocular pressure

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

CARBACHOL

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52
Q

treatment of xerostomia following head & neck radiation
treatment or associated with Sjogren syndrome

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

PILOCARPINE

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53
Q

XEROSTOMIA

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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54
Q

a chronic autoimmune disorder that happens when the immune system attacks the glands that make moisture in the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body.

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

SJOGREN SYNDROME

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55
Q

terminates the action of acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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56
Q

inhibit the action of cholinesterases

A

anticholinesterase

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57
Q

True or false

by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, they increase the endogenous acetylcholine concentration in the synaptic clefts and neuroeffector junctions

A

True

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58
Q

→ Edrophonium
→ Tacrine
→ Donepezil
→ Propidium

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

Reversible Inhibitors

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59
Q

→ Physostigmine
→ Neostigmine
→ Rivastigmine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

Carbamoylating Inhibitors

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60
Q

→ Soman
→ Sarin
→ Malathion
→ Echothiophate

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

Organophosphate Inhibitors

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61
Q

atony of smooth muscle of GIT & UB

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

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62
Q

thus can penetrate the blood-brain barrier

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

PHYSOSTIGMINE

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63
Q

NEOSTIGMINE
→ does not enter the CNS

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

64
Q

used for chronic management of myasthenia gravis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

PYRIDOSTIGMINE

65
Q

DECARIUM
→ used for glaucoma

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

66
Q

used for diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

EDROPHONIUM

67
Q

used to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

A

TACRINE, DONEPEZIL, RIVASTIGMINE, GALANTAMINE

68
Q

What are the drugs used for Insecticides?

Sarin, Soiman
Malathion, Diazinon

A

Malathion, Diazinon

69
Q

What are the nerve gases?

Sarin, Soiman
Malathion, Diazinon

A

What are the nerve gases?

Sarin, Soiman

70
Q

→ ataxia
→ slurred speech

→ anorexia

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

71
Q

What are the TREATMENT OF POISONING

A

Atropine
Pralidoxime
(Cholinergic agonist)

72
Q

CONTRAINDICATION

o GI spasm
o hyperthyroidism
o acute iritis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

73
Q

→ adrenal gland which produces adrenaline or epinephrine
→ act on receptors that are stimulated by
norepinephrine/epinephrine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

74
Q

are also known as sympathomimetic drugs

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

75
Q

ADRENERGIC NEURON
→ releases norepinephrine as neurotransmitter

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

76
Q

tyrosine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

o the metabolic precursor of norepinephrine

77
Q

dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

78
Q

is transported to synaptic vesicles

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

79
Q

phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

80
Q

vesicles fuse with cell membrane

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

81
Q

norepinephrine expelled into synaptic cleft

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

82
Q

a single neuron possesses thousands of varicosities, so one
impulse leads to the discharge of a few hundred vesicles scattered over a wide area

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

83
Q

by acting on presynaptic B2 receptors, can regulate its own release, and also that of co-released ATP

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

84
Q

chromogranin is released

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

85
Q

Neuronal Uptake

Extraneuronal Uptake

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

86
Q
  • done by plasma membrane norepinephrine transporter (NET)

*75% recaptured & repackaged into the vesicles

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

Neuronal Uptake

87
Q
  • done by extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT)
  • 25% captured by non-neuronal cells

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

Extraneuronal Uptake

88
Q

METABOLIC DEGRADATION

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

89
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

90
Q

abundant in noradrenergic nerve terminal, liver, intestinal epithelium

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

91
Q

present in adrenal medulla

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

92
Q

ALPHA RECEPTORS

BETA RECEPTORS

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

93
Q

→ coupled to phospholipase C & produce their effects mainly by the release of intracellular calcium
→ present on postsynaptic membrane of effector cells

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

94
Q

→ coupled to adenylyl cyclase & decrease cAMP formation, inhibit calcium channels & activate potassium channels
→ primarily on presynaptic nerve endings

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

95
Q

→ also a G-protein coupled receptor
→ act by stimulating adenyl cyclase → converts ATP to cAMP
o adenyl cyclase is a G protein

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

BETA RECEPTORS

96
Q

→ mainly in the heart
→ (+) inotropic & chronotropic effects

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

97
Q

causes smooth muscle relaxation in many organs

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

98
Q

hepatic glycogenolysis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

99
Q

mydriasis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

100
Q

→ inhibition of transmitter release, platelet aggregation, contraction of vascular smooth muscle
→ inhibition of insulin release

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

101
Q

→ increase in force & cardiac rate
→ delayed cardiac hypertrophy
→ release of renin

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

102
Q

muscle tremor

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

103
Q

lipolysis

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

104
Q

longer half-lives

A

NON-CATECHOLAMINES

(ADRENERGIC AGONISTS)

105
Q

o epinephrine
o norepinephrine
o dopamine
o isoproterenol

A

CATECHOLAMINES

(ADRENERGIC AGONISTS)

106
Q

o phenylephrine
o ephedrine
o amphetamine

A

NON-CATECHOLAMINES

(ADRENERGIC AGONISTS)

107
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine

A

DIRECT-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

108
Q

act directly on alpha & beta receptors → produce effects similar to those following of sympathetic nerve or release of
epinephrine from adrenal medulla

A

DIRECT-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

109
Q

may exhibit selectivity

phenylephrine
A1

terbutaline
B2

A

DIRECT-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

110
Q

amphetamine, cocaine, tyramine

A

INDIRECT-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

111
Q

action is mainly to prevent reuptake of neurotransmitter back
into the terminal of the nerve where they come from, causing them to stay in the synaptic cleft; thus, there is enhancement of the action of the NT

A

INDIRECT-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

112
Q

→ ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, metaraminol, dopamine
→ indirectly release norepinephrine and also directly activate
receptors

A

MIXED-ACTING SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS

113
Q

→ potent stimulant of both alpha & beta receptors
→ a very potent VC and cardiac stimulant
o usually used in heart attacks

A

EPINEPHRINE

AA

114
Q

a powerful cardiac stimulant, acting directly on the predominant
B1 receptors of myocardium & of cells of pacemaker &
conducting tissues

A

EPINEPHRINE

AA

115
Q

increase in circulating WBCs

A

EPINEPHRINE

AA

116
Q

*anaphylaxis–drug of choice)
* prolong the action of local anesthetics

A

EPINEPHRINE

117
Q

→ 10-20% adrenal medulla
→ 97% pheochromocytoma

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

118
Q

→ potent alpha agonist
→ ineffective when given orally

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

119
Q

→ poorly absorbed from sites of subcutaneous injection
→ rapidly inactivated by uptake & actions of MAO & COMT

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

120
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

121
Q

THERAPEUTIC USE
→ as vasoconstrictor to raise or support BP (treatment of shock)

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

122
Q

→ immediate metabolic precursor of norepinephrine & epinephrine
→ central NT important in regulation of movement

123
Q

→ ineffective when given orally
→ occurs naturally in basal ganglia & in adrenal medulla

124
Q

a deficiency of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

125
Q

ischemic necrosis & sloughing

→ should be avoided in patients taking MAO inhibitor & TCA

126
Q

→ a potent non-selective B receptor agonist

→ intense stimulation of the heart → increase HR and force of
contraction

→ cardiac effects may lead to palpitations, sinus tachycardia,
serious arrhythmias

A

ISOPROTERENOL

127
Q

→ synthetic, direct-acting catecholamine
→ increases the HR & force of contraction

A

DOBUTAMINE

128
Q

True or false

in the treatment of asthma, B2 agonists are used to activate pulmonary receptors that relax bronchial smooth muscles & decrease airway resistance

A

True

B2-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

129
Q

resistant to methylation by COMT

A

METAPROTERENOL

130
Q

→ bronchodilator
→ effective when given orally, subcutaneously, and through
inhalation:

A

TERBUTALINE

131
Q

→ known as salbutamol
→ administered orally or inhalation

A

ALBUTEROL (VENTOLIN)

132
Q

→ additive effect when used in combination with inhaled
Ipratropium or Theophylline
→ highly lipophilic

A

LONG-ACTING B2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

133
Q

→ used as uterine relaxant
→ administered through IV to arrest premature labor

134
Q

→ activates B3 adrenergic receptors on the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder to facilitate filling of bladder & storage of urine
→ uses:
o treatment of overactive bladder (urinary urgency,
frequency, urge incontinence)

A

MIRABEGRON

135
Q

uses:
o treatment of hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension)
& shock

A

A1-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

136
Q

used primarily for the treatment of systemic hypertension

A

A2-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

137
Q

treating and preparing addictive subjects for withdrawal from narcotics, alcohol, and tobacco

138
Q

→ has powerful CNS stimulant actions → depression of appetite

A

AMPHETAMINE

139
Q

o hyperactivity in children
o narcolepsy
o appetite control

A

AMPHETAMINE

140
Q

→ by-product of tyrosine metabolism
→ found in fermented foods such as cheese causing a “cheese
effect”

141
Q

reuptake inhibitor by blocking Na-K activated ATPase on cell membrane of adrenergic neuron → norepinephrine accumulates in synaptic space

142
Q

→ enhances the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons
→ uses:
o nasal decongestant (discontinued) o hypotension (in spinal anesthesia) o promote urinary continence

143
Q

primarily used to treat nasal congestion or congestion of Eustachian tubes

A

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

144
Q

→ shares the pharmacologic properties of Ephedrine but less CNS stimulation
→ may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke

A

PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE

145
Q

Regulates the sale of Ephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine, & Pseudoephedrine which can be used as precursors in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine & methamphetamine.

A

PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE

146
Q

sympathomimetic

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

147
Q

parasympathomimetic

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

148
Q

(-) negative chronotropic and (-) negative inotropic.

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

149
Q

o acetylcholine
o synthetic esters

A

Cholinergic Esters

150
Q

Carbachol, Bethanechol

A

Cholinergic Esters

151
Q

o Pilocarpine
o Muscarine
o Arecholine

A

Naturally- Occurring Alkaloids

152
Q

in the eyes, miosis or contraction of the pupil and accommodation for near vision

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

153
Q

treatment of xerostomia following head & neck radiation
treatment or associated with Sjogren syndrome

A

PILOCARPINE

154
Q

drug of choice in emergency lowering of intraocular pressure in glaucoma

A

PILOCARPINE

155
Q

→ (+) inotropic & chronotropic effects

A. CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
B. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

A

B

Beta receptors

156
Q

is the drug of choice for shock (increases the BP)

PHARMA (15 decks)

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