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PHARMA > LESSON 2 PHARMACODYNAMICS > Flashcards

LESSON 2 PHARMACODYNAMICS Flashcards

1
Q

True or false

drugs, a chemical substance of known structure other than a nutrient produces a biological effect

A

True

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2
Q

True or false

In pharmacodynamics, it deals with drugs’ effects on the body

A

True

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3
Q

True or false

In PHARMACODYNAMICS, it study the chemical and pathological effects of drugs and
their mechanisms of actions

A

False
(biochemical and physiological)

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4
Q

Drugs create effects de novo

A

False

Drugs do not create effects de novo

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5
Q

In effects de novo, drugs only alter or modify the underlying biochemical and
physiological processes

A

True

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6
Q

In PHARMACODYNAMICS Drug will not work unless it is bound to sites known as “drug
targets”

A

True

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7
Q

most drug targets are protein molecules

A

True

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8
Q

most drug targets are protein molecules except propanol, in treating osteoporosis, will
bind to calcium salts in the bone matrix

A

False

most drug targets are protein molecules
bisphosphonates, in treating osteoporosis, will
bind to calcium salts in the bone matrix

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9
Q

There are (4) main types of target proteins:
o Receptors
o Enzymes
o Carrier Molecules (Transporter) o Ion Channels

A

True

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10
Q

Enzymes are the biologic partners of drug action

A

False

Receptors are biologic partners of drug action

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11
Q

Receptors are cellular macromolecules with which the drug interacts to elicit a
cellular response leading to the drug’s observed effects

A

True

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12
Q

RECEPTORS are sensing elements in the system of chemical communications that
coordinates the functions of all the different cells in the body, it is also a components of cell or organisms that interact with the drug that initiates a chain of events that leads to the drug’s observed
effects

A

True

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13
Q

ENZYMES are micromolecules having biological functions and possessing reactive sites for selected substrates

A

False

ENZYMES are macromolecules having biological functions and possessing reactive sites for selected substrates

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14
Q

a drug acts as competitive inhibitor of an enzyme

A

True

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15
Q

TRANSPORT PROTEINS act as catalysts; speed up the metabolic functions of the cell

A

False

ENZYMES act as catalysts; speed up the metabolic functions of the cell

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16
Q

TRANSPORT PROTEINS
transport ions across the cell membrane

A

True

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17
Q

ION CHANNELS
form water-filled pores that span the membrane

A

True

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18
Q

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF RECEPTORS are:

  1. SPECIFICITY
  2. SELECTIVITY
  3. RECEPTORS LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
  4. RECEPTORS MEDIATE THE ACTIONS OF PHARMACOLOGIC AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS
  5. RECEPTORS HAVE THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNAL DURATION & INTENSITY
A

True

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19
Q

No drug acts with complete specificity.

A

True

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20
Q

In selectivity molecular size, shape, & electrical charge will determine whether it will bind to a particular receptor

A

True

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21
Q

there is a “fit” for a drug to its receptor that influences its selectivity

A

True

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22
Q

ENZYMES LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

A

False

RECEPTORS LARGELY DETERMINE THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DOSE/CONCENTRATION OF DRUG & PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

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23
Q

the drug effect will be affected also by the pharmacokinetics
of the drug

A

True

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24
Q

Potency is the measure of the amount of drug to produce an effect of a given magnitude

A

True

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25
Q

Infinite refers to the ability of the drug to bind with the receptors.

A

False

Affinity refers to the ability of the drug to bind with the receptors.

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26
Q

Potency is the concentration or dose of a drug required to produce 60% of the drug’s maximal effect

A

True

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27
Q

Potency will depend in part on affinity of receptors and efficiency with which drug-receptor interaction is coupled to receptors

A

True

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28
Q

In potency the less drug required to produce an effect, the more potent the drug is

A

True

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29
Q

Maximal Efficacy (Intrinsic Activity) is the ability of drug, once bound, to initiate changes that lead to effects

A

True

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30
Q

Maximal Efficacy (Intrinsic Activity) will depends on number of drug-receptor complexes formed

A

True

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31
Q

The clinical effectiveness of a drug depends not on its potency but on its maximal efficacy

A

True

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32
Q

RECEPTORS MEDIATE THE ACTIONS OF PHARMACOLOGIC AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS

A

True

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33
Q

Agonists is a biologic response that mimics the response of endogenous ligand

A

True

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34
Q

Antagonists bind to receptors without causing activation but they block the effect of agonist on receptors

A

True

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35
Q

Antagonists’ efficacy is zero, no intrinsic activity

A

True

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36
Q

Competitive Antagonism can be reversible or irreversible

A

True

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37
Q

Competitive Antagonism, most direct mechanism by which one drug
can increase the effect of another

A

False

Competitive Antagonism, most direct mechanism by which one drug
can decreased the effect of another

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38
Q

antagonist binds to a site in the receptor other than where the agonist bonds without blocking agonist binding and that’s Non-Competitive Antagonism

A

True

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39
Q

Non-Competitive Antagonism can be reversible or irreversible

A

False

Non-Competitive Antagonism are usually irreversible

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40
Q

Non-Competitive Antagonism: no matter how you increase the agonist concentration, it will not dissociate the antagonists

A

True

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41
Q

Chemical Antagonism is a drug or ligand combines with another drug and renders it inactive

A

True

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42
Q

In Chemical Antagonism the effect of the active drug is lost

43
Q

Physiological Antagonism acts at a completely separate receptor which produce effects that are functionally opposite to those of agonist

44
Q

antagonist effectively reduces the concentration of the active drug at its site of action

45
Q

In Pharmacokinetic Antagonism
increasing the degradation the drug producing a lower effect, increasing the excretion of a drug reduces its effect as well

46
Q

Block of Receptor–Effector Linkage Antagonism, blocks from the receptor to chain of events leading to production of response by agonist

47
Q

second messengers are the hormones, neurotransmitters (NT), peptides

48
Q

Desensitization of Receptors also known as tachyphylaxis

49
Q

In Desensitization of Receptors there’s a temporary inaccessibility of receptors which the
effect of drug gradually diminishes

50
Q

In Desensitization of Receptors it allows potential damage to the cell

A

False

In Desensitization of Receptors it prevents potential damage to the cell

51
Q

Below are the mechanisms of Desensitization of Receptors:

o exhaustion of receptors
o translocation of receptors
o physiological adaptation
o altered drug metabolism

52
Q

IDENTIFY!

occurs when a drug is repeatedly or chronically given to a patient

A

Desensitization of Receptors

53
Q

IDENTIFY!

receptors are unresponsive to the ligand

A

Desensitization of Receptors

54
Q

IDENTIFY!

cell’s responsiveness to ligand is reduced

A

Down-Regulation

55
Q

degradation of receptors occurs slower than de novo synthesis of receptors

A

False

degradation of receptors occurs faster than de novo synthesis of receptors

56
Q

In Down-Regulation after activation, the receptors
are either degraded or recycled

57
Q

degradation is more faster than recycling of the receptors

58
Q

degradation of receptors reduces effects

59
Q

hydrophilic ligands cannot enter or penetrate the cell and they interact with extracellular receptors.

60
Q

Hydrophobic or lipophilic ligands can enter the cell and interact with intracellular receptors.

61
Q

The location of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, G CHON-Coupled Receptors, Enzyme-Linked Receptors are in the membrane

62
Q

Location of Nuclear Receptors is in the membrane

A

False

Location of Nuclear Receptors is in the INTRACELLULAR

63
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels are receptors on which fast neurotransmitters act, involving mainly fast (chemical) synaptic transmissions occurring in milliseconds

64
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels is responsible for the regulation of flow of ions across the cell
membrane

65
Q

IDENTIFY!

serpentine receptors

A

G CHON-Coupled Receptors

66
Q

G CHON-Coupled Receptors constitutes the largest family, 7 membrane spanning alpha helices

67
Q

G CHON-Coupled Receptors pass on the message to the effector systems that generate a cellular response

68
Q

G CHON-Coupled Receptors needs second messengers in order to have a response

69
Q

second messengers are also known as neuromodulators or neurohormones essential in conducting and amplifying signals
from G-protein coupled receptors

70
Q

Enzyme-Linked Receptors respond mainly to protein mediators

71
Q

Enzyme-Linked Receptors has 2 domain:
enzyme domain, surface receptor domain

72
Q

Enzyme-Linked Receptors takes seconds to produce effects such as insulin

A

False

take HOURS to produce effects such as insulin

73
Q

IDENTIFY!

regarded as ligand activated transcription factors that
transduce signals by modifying gene transcription

A

INTRACELLULAR OR NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

74
Q

Low Therapeutic Index means
more side effects; not safe

75
Q

High Therapeutic Index means
less side effects; safer to use

76
Q

Toxicity refers to the adverse effects of a drug.

77
Q

The primary goal of drug therapy is to achieve a desired
pharmacologic effect without causing adverse reactions.

78
Q

Hyperreactive means patients who are unexpectedly resistant to the conventional doses of a drug

A

FALSE

HYPOREACTIVE means patients who are unexpectedly resistant to the conventional doses of a drug

79
Q

Hyporeactive means patients that are unusually sensitive to a drug

A

FALSE

HYPERREACTIVE means patients that are unusually sensitive to a drug

80
Q

Non compliance means patient will not take the drug as prescribed at a given time

81
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG EFFECTS
(PATIENT FACTORS)

→ body, weight & composition
→ age
→ sex, pregnancy, lactation
→ environmental factors–diet
→ genetic factor
→ physiologic variables
→ pathologic factor–decrease in organs of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion

82
Q

Normal patients may show unusual resistance for highly lipophilic agents especially when it is given in repeated doses.

A

False

OBESE patients may show unusual resistance for highly lipophilic agents especially when it is given in repeated doses.

83
Q

Children have a risk of having tooth discoloration when given tetracycline.

84
Q

men are more vulnerable than women with respect to certain drugs.

A

False

Women are more vulnerable than men with respect to certain drugs.

85
Q

In pregnancy, drugs can have teratogenic effects on the fetus resulting in genetic abnormalities.

86
Q

In elderly patients, the dose needs to be adjusted.

87
Q

There are certain drugs not given together with food. An
example of which is tetracycline which is not to be given with
dairy products or antacids which have contraindications.

88
Q

variables in drug administration–time, duration

89
Q

placebo effect means

o any effect attributable to medication or procedure that is
not related to its pharmacodynamic or specific properties

o most often, there is an inert substance

90
Q

placebo effect means a psychological condition where the response arises from
expectations of the patient concerning their effects

91
Q

IDENTIFY!

According to Onset

According to Degree

According to Predictability

A

According to Onset

  1. acute
  2. subacute
  3. delayed

According to Degree

  1. mild
  2. moderate
  3. severe

According to Predictability

  1. predictable & dose-related
  2. unpredictable & not necessarily
    dose-related
92
Q

furosemide, is a diuretic which reduces edema.

93
Q

SIDE EFFECTS can be predictable, dose-dependent reaction related to the goal of therapy

A

FALSE

SIDE EFFECTS can be predictable, dose-dependent reaction UNRELEATED to the goal of therapy

94
Q

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS
is an unexpected response to a drug

95
Q

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS is a dose-dependent, unpredictable

96
Q

IDENTIFY!

→ adverse reaction of immunologic origin

A

DRUG ALLERGY

97
Q

In drug allergy, the nature of unfavorable effect is not a function of the
offending drug but of the immune mechanism involved

98
Q

→ anaphylactic responses
→ within minutes or hours

→ release of histamine & other mediators

Is a type of allergy in type 2

A

FALSE

TYPE 1

99
Q

Is a type of allergy in type 1

→ more likely in parenteral injection
→ treatment is epinephrine

100
Q

IDENTIFY

What type of allergy?

→ cytotoxic

→ usually delayed
→ caused by circulating antibodies

101
Q

Type of allergy

TYPE 3 is an immune complex reactions

102
Q

In type 4 allergy it is cell- mediated

103
Q

Type 2 & 4 in allergy is usually delayed

104
Q

Drug will work if it is bound to sites known as “drug
targets”

A

False

(Drug will not work unless it is bound to sites known as “drug
targets”)

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