Lesson 26: Grammar Review Flashcards
Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd-declension masculine nouns.
-us, -er, -ir
2nd declension -er nouns either ___ or ___ the e in the stem.
drop; retain
Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is ___.
liberi liberorum
Four confusing words with the root of liber are ___.
liberi liberorum (children)
liber libri (book)
liber libera liberum (free)
libero (1) (to set free)
What kind of verbs have indirect objects?
Give Latin examples.
giving and telling
do, demonstro, núntio, narro
What are the two ways to show an indirect object in English?
the preposition to; word order - the indirect object precedes the direct object
In Latin the indirect object is in the ___ case.
dative
What is Sentence Pattern #5
subject + verb + I.O. + D.O.
Give an example of Sentence Pattern #5 in Latin.
Maria Marco rosam dedit.
Name the four verb complements you have learned.
predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
What are the two ways to show possession in English?
preposition of and ’s
In Latin the possessive noun is is in the ___ case.
genitive
3rd-declension nouns that have a genitive plural in -ium are called ___.
i-stems
Give two indications a noun may be an i-stem and an example of each.
(1) same number of syllables in nominative and genitive - collis collis
(2) stem ends in two consonants - pons pontis
What are the two types of adjectives in Latin
1st/2nd-declension and 3rd-declension
3rd-declension adjectives are related to ___.
i-stem nouns
Define pronoun.
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
How many kinds of pronouns are there? Name them in pairs.
8: personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
What is an antecedent?
An antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of.
Give the Latin word for we: ___ for us:
nos; nos
How do you write cum with the 1st/2nd-person pronuns?
mecum tecum nobiscum vobiscum
The genitive of 1st- and 2nd-person pronouns is used for ___ expressions that do not show ___.
of; possession
To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
meus tuus noster vester
Do the possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjectives or pronouns?
adjectives
Give the Adjective Agreement Rule.
An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not declension.
Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
A pronoun agress with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its own clause.
Define preposition.
A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and its ___
object (and modifiers)
What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
a
What two Latin prepositions are similar to this word?
a/ab, e/ex
Latin prepositions govern either the ___ or ___ case.
ablative; accusative
Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
accusative
Prepositions that expression location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
ablative
Give two prepositions that can either take the ablative or the accusative case.
in, sub
The infinitive ending for 2nd-conjugation verbs is ___; and for 3rd-conjugation verbs is ___.
-ēre; -ere
The 3rd conjugation does not have a stem with a consistent ___.
stem vowel
In the 3rd conjugation, you must chop to the ___ to find the present stem.
root
How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?
AE in future, IOU in present
Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
It has no bo’s in the future.
The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is
-ire
Give the stem vowels for all four conjugations.
1st - a, 2nd - ē, 3rd - none, 4th - i
The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of ___.
the stem vowel i
3rd io verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation because their infinitive ends in ___.
-ere
The present system of 3rd io verbs looks exactly like ___.
the present system of the 4th conjugation
Define adverb.
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering the questions ___.
how, when, where, to what extent
Many 1st/2nd-declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
-ē
Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
-iter
Some adjectives use their ___ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ___ or ___.
Two examples are ___ and ___.
neutuer singular accusative; -um; -e
multum, fácile
The perfect system is ___ regular in all four conjugations.
perfectly
How do you find the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
Drop the i from the 3rd principal part.
Although 3rd-conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ___ that will help you remember them. What is the pattern for verbs like rego?
patterns
-o -ere -xi -ctus
What are the two types of direct questions?
1) questions introduced by question words
2) questions answered with a yes or no
How do you form yes or no questions in English?
by placing the helping verb first
How do you form yes or no questions in Latin?
Add the enclitic -ne to the end of the first word, usually the verb.
Give the six common question words in English.
who, what, when, where, why how
Give the two voices of Latin verbs.
active and passive
In the active voice, the subject ___.
performs the action of the verb
In the passive voice, the subject ___.
receives the action of the verb
To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute ___ personal endings for ___ personal endings.
passive; active
When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING AGENT, the construction is called ___ and requires the preposition ___.
the ablative of agent; a/ab
Give an example of the ablative of agent.
Galli a Caésare superantur. The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.
When the action of the verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called ___ and the preposition is ___.
ablative of means; omitted
Give an example of an ablative of means.
Galli gládio superantur. The Gauls are overcome by the sword.
