Leg

Question 1

Dynamic support of foot

Answer 1

• Tibialis posterior
• Tibialis anterior
• Flexor hallucis longus
• fibularis longus
• intrinsic plantar muscles

Question 2

Passive support of foot

Answer 2

• Plantar aponeurosis
• Long plantar ligament
• Short plantar ligament
• Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Question 3

The transverse septa divides the posterior compartment of the calf into two compartments what are they

Answer 3

• Superficial posterior group

- Deep posterior group

Question 4

What is in the deep posterior group of the calf

Answer 4

• Popliteus
• Flexor hallucis longus
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Tibialis posterior

Question 5

What is in the superficial posterior calf group

Answer 5

• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
  - triceps surae
• Plantaris

Question 6

what is the most superficial posterior calf compartment muscle

Answer 6

Gastrocneumius

Question 7

Function(s) of Gastrocnemius

Answer 7

Plantar flexion and flexes leg at knee joint

Question 8

What is a fabella, and functions and clinical significance

Answer 8

• Sesamoid bone that may be close to the lateral head of Gastrocnemius’ proximal attachment.
  fxn: may provide leverage for lateral head of gastrocnemius

clinical significance- Painful fabellar stress fracture may accompany total knee replacement

-

Question 9

Function of Soleus

Answer 9

Plantarflexion

Question 10

Function(s) of Plantaris

Answer 10

• weak plantarflexion and leg flexion

- proposed to be a proprioceptive organ for foot position

Question 11

clincal significance of plantaris

Answer 11

-long tendon commonly used in reconstructive surgery of hand tendons

• Possibility of rupture during violent ankle movements
  
  • common injury in basketball, sprinters, and ballet dancers
  • pain may be so severe that person is unable to bare weight

Question 12

Function(s) of Popliteus

Answer 12

• Unlocks extended leg by laterally rotating femur on a stationary tibia
• also flexes leg weakly

Question 13

Popliteal fossa arteries

Answer 13

-Superior medial and superior lateral genicular arteries
- just superior to medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
- inferior medial genicular artery
- Deep to medial head of gastrocnemius
inferior lateral genicular artery
- Deep to plantaris and superficial to popliteus

Question 14

What is the largest deep posterior calf muscle

Answer 14

Flexor Hallucis longus

Question 15

Function(s) of flexor Hallucis longus

Answer 15

• flexes great toe

- Plantarflex foot at ankle joint

Question 16

Function(s) of Flexor Digitorum Longus

Answer 16

• Flexes lateral four digits

- Plantarflex foot at ankle joint

Question 17

Function(s) of Tibialis Posterior

Answer 17

• Inversion

- Plantarflexion

Question 18

what nerve supplies all posterior leg muscles

Answer 18

Tibial nerve

Question 19

Course of tibial nerve

Answer 19

• passes posterior to tibial vessels
  
  • deep to soleus
  • posterior to tibialis posterior
• leaves posterior compartment by passing deep to flexor retinaculum between medial malleolus and calcaneus
  
  • Ends by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves (posteroinferior to medial malleolus)

Question 20

The tibial artery gives rise to _____ and ends by dividing into ____ and ____

Answer 20

fibular artery, medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 21

_____ is the largest branch of the posterior tibial artery

Answer 21

Fibular artery

Question 22

The fibular artery begins _______ and ends

Answer 22

inferior to distal border of popliteus, ends by piercing interosseous membrane and anastomosing with anterior lateral malleolar artery

Question 23

The fibular artery supplies

Answer 23

posterior and lateral compartments

Question 24

Clinical anatomy of posterior tibial artery

Answer 24

• posterior tibial pulse palpated between
  
  • posterior surface of medial malleolus
  • medial border of calcaneal tendon
  • deep to flexor retinaculum
    it is important to have patient relax retinaculum by inverting foot

Question 25

Occlusive peripheral arterial disease (intermittent claudication)

Answer 25

• condition caused by ischemia of leg muscles due to narrowing or occlusion of leg arteries
• characterized by leg cramps and pain during walking (disappears after res)
• can us Posterior tibial pulse to test and then venous doppler