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Anatomy Exam III material > Axilla and Pectoral Region > Flashcards

Axilla and Pectoral Region Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology of the Pectoral Region

A
  • Clavicles
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Scapula
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2
Q

What are the atypical ribs

A

Ribs 1,2,11, and 12

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3
Q

What are the true ribs

A

1-7

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4
Q

What makes ribs 1-7 true ribs

A

They are vertebrocostal and have their own costal cartilage attachement

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5
Q

What ribs are vertebrocostal

A

Ribs 1-7

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6
Q

What are the false ribs (vertebrochondral)

A

Ribs 8-10

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7
Q

What are the floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 and 12

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8
Q

Why are ribs 1 and 2 atypical

A

They are small

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9
Q

why are ribs 11 and 12 atypical

A

they are floating

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10
Q

What are general features of typical ribs at the vertebral end

A
  • head
  • neck
  • tubercle
  • Angle
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11
Q

What is the general feature (s) of the middle part of a typical rib

A

Body (shaft)

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12
Q

What are the general features (s) to the sternal end of a typical rib

A

Articulates directly with sternum, costal cartilage, or sits in fascia

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13
Q

The mammary glands are modified

A

Sweat glands

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14
Q

The breast is a _______ structure

A

Cutaneous

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15
Q

The breast rests on the _______ and above ______

A

rests on pectoral fascia above pectoral major

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16
Q

what is the potential space between breast and pectoral fascia

A

Retromammary space

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17
Q

The breast is innervated by

A

intercostal nerves (4-6th)

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18
Q

what is the space where the breast and the pectoral fascia are not adhered to one another

A

Retromammary space

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19
Q

The breast attaches to _____ of overlying skin via

A

Dermis, via suspensory ligaments (Cooper’s Ligaments)

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20
Q

Mammary gland lobules converge on the

A

nipple

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21
Q

how many lactiferous ducts open at nipple, which is surrounded by pigmented areola

A

15-20

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22
Q

The nipple is surrounded by

A

pigmented areola

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23
Q

Arterial supply to breast tissue

A

mammary branches from anterior intercostal, lateral thoracic, and internal thoracic arteries

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24
Q

What is the venous drainage for breast tissue

A
  • Mainly axillary vein via lateral thoracic veins and medial mammary veins
  • some drainage to internal thoracic vein via anterior intercostal veins
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25
Q

Lymphatic drainage of breast tissue

A
  • Subareolar lymph nodes
  • axillary lymph nodes (pectoral,central, apical)
  • Parasternal and abdominal lymph nodes
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26
Q

The nipple, areolar, and lactiferous lobules lymph drainage

A

subareolar lymph nodes

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27
Q

greater an ____ % of lymph drainage from breast goes to axillary lymph nodes (pectoral, central, apical)

A

75%

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28
Q

More than 75% of lymph from breast goes to

A

axillary lymph nodes (pectoral, central, apical)

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29
Q

Remaining lymph of the breast that is not drained into subareolar lymph nodes and axillary lymph nodes drains into

A

parasternal and abdominal lymph nodes

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30
Q

Innervation of the breast tissue

A
  • mainly from the anterior and lateral branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves
  • May also receive some innervation from supraclavicular nerve branches as well as branches of other intercostal nerves
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31
Q

Polymastia and polythelia

A

Supernumary breasts or nipples

-this growth normally follows the mammary ridge

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32
Q

Fascia of the pectoral region consists of

A

superficial and deep layers that define borders, invest muscles, and create potential spaces

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33
Q

Components of superficial fascia of the pectoral region

A
  • Platysma
  • Supraclavicular nerves
  • Anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves
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34
Q

Components of the deltopectoral (clavipectoral) Triangle

A
  • Deltoid, pectoralis major, middle 1/3 of clavicle make up borders
  • Cephalic vein
  • Deltopectoral lymph nodes
  • Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery (from axillary artery)
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35
Q

What make up the borders of the deltopectoral (clavipectoral) Triangle

A

-Deltoid, pectoralis major, middle 1/3 of clavicle make up borders

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36
Q

What are the three components of the sternum from most superior to most inferior

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

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37
Q

What rib attaches at the sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)

A

Rib 2

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38
Q

The 1st rib attaches to the manubrium by what type of joint

A

synchondrosis

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39
Q

What rib attaches at the Xiphisternal joint

A

The 7th rib

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40
Q

The 2nd-7th ribs are attached by what type of joint

A

synovial joints with fibrocartilaginous articular surfaces on both the chondral and sternal aspects, allowing for respiration

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41
Q

What is the name of the ligaments that lay over the cost0-sternal joints

A

Radiate sternocostal ligaments

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42
Q

Where is the infrasternal angle (subcostal angle)

A

at the xiphisternal joint

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43
Q

The clavipectoral fascia is deep to the

A

pectoral fascia and pectoralis major

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44
Q

The clavipecotral fascia attaches to the ______ and ___-

A

clavicle and anterior thoracic wall

45
Q

What vein(s), artery (s), and nerve(s) pierce the clavipectoral fascia

A

cephalic vein
Thoracoacromial artery
lateral pectoral nerves

46
Q

Part of the clavipectoral fascia inferior to the pectoralis minor becomes suspensory ligament of

A

Axilla

47
Q

Deep to the pectoral fascia and pectorals major, another fascial layer, the _______, descends from the clavicle, enclosing the subclavius and then pectorals minor, becoming continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia

A

clavipectoral fascia

48
Q

Clavipectoral fascia invests (list most superior to most inferior)

A

subclavius and pectoralis minor

49
Q

The costocoracoid membrane is between

A

subclavius and pectoralis minor

50
Q

the costocoracoid membrane is pierced by the

A

lateral pectoral nerve

51
Q

Muscles of the pectoral region are innervated by

A

ventral rami of spinal nerves via branches of the brachial plexus

52
Q

Proximal attachment of pectoralis major

A
  • Clavicular and sternocostal attachments
    • anterior surface of medial 1/2 of clavicle
    • anterior surface of sternum and superior 6 costal cartilages
53
Q

Distal attachment of pectorals major

A

Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)

54
Q

Actions of pectoralis major

A
  • adducts and medially rotates humerus
  • draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly (via clavicle)
  • Clavicular portion flexes humerus
  • Sternal portion can extend humerus while it is in this flexed position
55
Q

What supplies blood to the pectoralis major

A

pectoral branch (es) of thoracoacromial arterial trunk

56
Q

What supplies innervation of pectoralis major

A

lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5, C6 clavicular portion, C7, C8, T1 sternocostal portion)

57
Q

The medial and lateral pectoral nerves are named for

A

the part of the brachial plexus that they come from

58
Q

The medial pectoral nerve arises form the

A

medial cord of the brachial plexus

59
Q

The lateral pectoral nerve arises from

A

the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

60
Q

Are the medial and lateral pectoral nerves named for their position on the anterior thorax

A

No!!! they are named for the part of the brachial plexus that they come from

61
Q

Proximal attachment of pectoralis minor

A

-3rd-5th ribs, near costal cartilage

62
Q

Distal attachment of pectoralis minor

A

Coracoid process of scapula

63
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis minor

A

Stabilizes scapula by pulling it anteriorly and inferiorly against posterior thoracic wall

64
Q

What is the blood supply to the pectoralis minor

A

pectoral branch(es) of thoracoacromial arterial trunk

65
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor

A

medial pectoral nerve (C8,T1)

Note that the pectoralis minor is usually pierced by this nerve

66
Q

proximal attachment of subclavius muscle

A

junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage

67
Q

Distal attachment of subclavius muscle

A

Inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle

68
Q

Actions of subclavius muscle

A

anchors and depresses clavicle

69
Q

Blood supply to the subclavius

A

clavicular branch (es) of thoracoacromial arterial trunk

70
Q

Innervation of subclavius

A

“nerve to subclavius” (C5,C6)

71
Q

Proximal attachment of serrates anterior

A

external surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-9

72
Q

Distal attachment of serrates anterior

A

anterior surface of medial border of scapula

73
Q

Actions of serrates anterior

A

protracts scapula, rotates scapula, holds scapula against thorax

74
Q

blood supply of serrates anterior

A

lateral thoracic artery

75
Q

Innervation of serrates anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve (C5,C6,C7)

76
Q

if the long thoracic nerve is not functioning you will get a _____ scapula

A

winged (because it will not be held against the thorax)

77
Q

The two large arteries that have tributaries that provide blood to the pectoral shoulder and axillary region are

A

subclavian artery

axillary artery

78
Q

The origin of the right subclavian artery

A

brachiocephalic trunk

79
Q

The origin of the left subclavian artery

A

aortic arch

80
Q

The subclavian arises posterior to

A

sternoclavicular joint

81
Q

The subclavian has how many divisions in relation to the anterior scalene muscle? and what are they?

A

3
Part 1- is medial to the anterior scalene muscle
Part 2- is posterior to the anterior scalene muscle
Part 3- Is lateral to the anterior scalene muscle

82
Q

The subclavian has 3 divisions in relation to the

A

anterior scalene muscle

83
Q

What are the commonly found branches at the medial part (part 1) of the subclavian

A
  • Internal thoracic (mammary) artery
  • Vertebral artery
  • Thyrocervical arterial trunk
84
Q

List the branches of the thyrocervical arterial trunk

A
  • Suprascapular artery
  • Transverse cervical artery
  • Ascending cervical artery
  • Inferior thyroid artery
85
Q

What are the branches off the cervicodorsal trunk

A 
deep branch (dorsal scapular artery)
Superficial branch (superficial cervical artery)
86
Q

structure where the transverse cervical artery branches into deep branch and superficial branch

A

Cervicodorsal trunk

87
Q

Commonly found branches of posterior part (part 2) of subclavian artery

A

Costocervical arterial trunk

- which gives rise to supreme intercostal artery and deep cervical artery

88
Q

The costocervical arterial trunk gives rise to

A

supreme intercostal artery

deep cervical artery

89
Q

The lateral part (part 3) of subclavian typically may have no branches, however, the _________ may arise independently form this part of the subclavian artery

A

Dorsal scapular artery

90
Q

The lateral border of the first rib is the point at which the subclavian artery

A

becomes the axillary artery

91
Q

What marks the point at which the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery

A

The lateral border of the first rib

92
Q

The artery that runs along the vertebral border of the scapula is always referred to as the

A

dorsal scapular artery

93
Q

The dorsal scapular artery can arise form either some part of the subclavian artery (usually the ____) or from the _________ (about 30% of the time)

A

3rd part (lateral part), or form the transverse cervical artery (not that when it arises from transverse cervical artery it is called the “deep branch of the transverse cervical artery”)

94
Q

The pectoral region of the axilla is supplied blood by the

A

axillary artery

95
Q

What artery (ies) are in part 1 of the axillary artery

A

Superior thoracic artery

96
Q

What artery (ies) are in part 2 of the axillary artery

A
  • Thoracoacromial trunk
    • Which is composed of
      - pectoral branch
      - Deltoid branch
      - Acromial branch
      - Clavicular branch
97
Q

What artery (ies) make up part 3 of the axillary branch

A
  • Subscapular artery
    • Circumflex scapular
    • Thoracodorsal
  • Anterior circumflex humeral
  • posterior circumflex humeral
98
Q

Parts of the scapular anastomoses

A
  • Suprascapular artery (from the subclavian artery)
  • Dorsal Scapular artery (from subclavian or deep branch of transverse cervical artery)
  • Posterior Intercostal arteries (from thoracic aorta)
  • Circumflex Scapular artery (division of sub scapular artery form axillary artery)
  • Thoracodorsal artery (division of sub scapular artery form axillary artery)
99
Q

Pectoral and axillary regions are drained by the

A

axillary vein

100
Q

The axillary vein receives blood from

A

superficial and deep veins of the arm and forearm

101
Q

The cephalic vein drains into the axillary before it becomes the

A

subclavian

102
Q

The basilica veins continue as the

A

axillary vein

103
Q

What are the superficial veins of the arm and forearm

A

basilic veins and Cephalic vein

104
Q

Boundaries of axilla

A 
a pyramid shaped space
apex  
base (A and P axillary folds)
anterior wall (A)
Posterior wall (P)
Medial Wall
Lateral wall
105
Q

The apex of the axilla is composed of

A

clavicle
scapula
1st rib

106
Q

The base of the axilla is composed of

A

-skin and superficial fascia
-anterior axillary fold (pectoralis major)
-posterior axillary fold (Latissimus dorsi and teres major)
Chest wall (serrates anterior)

107
Q

The anterior wall of the axilla is composed of

A
  • clavicle
  • subclavius
  • pectoralis major
  • pectoralis minor
108
Q

The posterior wall of the axilla is composed of

A
  • Scapula
  • Subscapularis
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Teres major
109
Q

The lateral wall of the axilla is composed of

A
  • intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)
  • tendon of long head of biceps
  • coracobrachialis tendon

Anatomy Exam III material (9 decks)

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