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Psychology 102 - Midterm > Lectures (Psychological Disorders) > Flashcards

Lectures (Psychological Disorders) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four D’s of psychiatric/psychological disorders?

A

Deviance: degree to which an individual’s behaviour strays from the norms
Distress: does the person feel negative about the symptomology they experience
Dysfunction: can an individual perform their social role and its responsibilities (e.g. care for oneself, hygiene, etc.)
Danger: is the individual a danger to themselves or others?

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2
Q

What does diagnosis require based on the DSM-V-TR?

A
  1. Minimum number of symptoms
    - Often taken from 2 lists:
    -> List 1: required symptoms
    -> List 2: pick and choose symptoms
  2. Minimum duration of symptoms
  3. Either distress of dysfunction
    -> Distress is a subjective assessment
    -> Dysfunction can be subjective or other-reported
  4. Deviance
    -> Symptoms are not normal within patient’s culture
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3
Q

What is Panic Attack diagnosis criteria?

A

Course: acute symptoms develop over a few minutes
List 1: must have intense distress
List 2: four or more of:
heart palpitation
intense sweating
numbness
choking
shortness of breath
trembling/shivering
dizziness
intense fear

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4
Q

Panic Disorder
A) Symptoms
B) Duration

A

A) Repeated/unexpected attacks
Fear of attacks
Avoidance
B) Over 6 months

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5
Q

Panic Disorder Causes
A) 2 Biological causes?
B) 3 Environmental triggers?
C) 2 Learned causes

A

A) Genetic
Relationship with Dopamine (5-HT)
B) Drugs (illicit or legal)
Medical condition
Traumatic event
C) Learn to expect attacks in specific contexts
Expectations can begin to trigger attacks

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6
Q

What are the two categories of mood disorders?

A

Unipolar (depressive disorders)
Bipolar disorders

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7
Q

What are the four types of depressive disorders?

A

Major depressive episode
Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Seasonal affect disorder

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8
Q

What are the four types of bipolar disorders?

A

Manic episode
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Cyclothymia

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9
Q

What classifies a major depressive episode?

A
  • Must last at least 2 weeks
  • Possible symptoms:
    Significant weight loss or gain
    Insomnia or hypersomnia
    Psychomotor retardation or agitation
    Fatigue everyday
    Diminished concentration
    Psychotic features: delusions and/or hallucinations
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10
Q

What classifies Major Depressive Disorder?

A
  • Two or more depressive episodes
  • MDD averages 5-6 episodes in lifetime (if untreated)
  • Untreated depressive episodes average 9 months long each
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11
Q

What are 6 treatments for depression?

A

1) Counselling
2) Antidepressants
3) Light therapy
4) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
5) Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
6) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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12
Q

What classifies a manic episode?

A
  • Must last at least 1 week (or hospitalization)
    List 1:
  • Abnormally high energy
  • Highly elevated and/or irritable mood
    List 2:
  • Delusions of grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Pressure of speech
  • Racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
  • Psychomotor agitation
  • Impulsive judgement
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13
Q

Difference between the four bipolar disorders?

A

-Bipolar I:
§ At least one manic episode
o Usually overs before/after major depression but not necessary
Bipolar II:
§ At least 1 hypomanic episode
Cyclothymia:
§ Hypomania and mild depression
Rapid-cycling
§ At least 4 total episodes each year

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14
Q

3 treatments for bipolar?

A

Counselling depression
Lithium
Anti-seizure

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15
Q

What are the 6 models of psychology?

A

Biological
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive
Humanistic
Systems

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16
Q

Biological Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/Treatment
C) Most effective for:

A

A)
Structural abnormality
Neurotransmitter, hormone imbalance
B)
fMRI
Hormone assay
Drugs
Phototherapy
ECT
Deep brain stimulation
C)
Schizophrenia**
Bipolar*
Anxiety

17
Q

Psychodynamic Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/treatment
C) Effective for:

A

A)
Unconscious intrapsychic conflict
Fixations in psychosexual development
B)
Defense mechanisms
Projective testing
Prolonged therapy
Raise awareness of conflict
Defuse defense mechanisms
C)
Some dissociative disorders
Mild, persistent anxiety/depression
Some sexual disorders

18
Q

Behavioural Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/treatments
C) Effective for

A

A)
Maladaptive learned associations
Maladaptive environmental contingencies (costs/benefits)
B)
Direct observation of client
Client self-report
Exposure therapies
Learning new skills/behaviours
Changing environment
C)
Phobias, acute anxiety
Addictions
Child behaviour problems
Autism/developmental disorders

19
Q

Cognitive Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/treatment
C) Effective for

A

A)
Maladaptive cognitions
Automatic thoughts
B)
Client self-report
Collect automatic thoughts
Generate substitute cognitions
Collecting evidence for maladaptive cognitions
C)
Depression
Social anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
Eating disorders

20
Q

Humanistic Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/treatment
C) Effective for

A

A)
-Failure to self-actualize or move towards it (getting hung up on trivial things in life instead of moving toward the bigger things)
-Absence of responsibility for oneself
B)
-Client self-report
-Unconditional positive regard
-Reflection of client’s thoughts- rephrase what the clients said back to them which forces them to talk in detail about situation and can make them come up with solutions
-Client-directed
C)
-Low self-esteem
-Those with little dysfunction, but some distress

21
Q

Systems Model
A) Etiology/Cause
B) Diagnosis/treatment
C) Effective for:

A

A)
Maladaptive interactions within a system
Often related to behavioural contingencies and/or maladaptive
B)
Client self-report
Agency referral
Restore pre-existing positive relationships
Identify problematic interactions and/or relationships
Publicly acknowledge challenges and solutions
C)
Behaviour problems in children
Eating disorders in adolescents
Good for restoring previously positive relationships

22
Q

What are the primary symptoms for Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)?

A

Recurrent “gaps” in the normal integration of sensory experience
- Depersonalization is detachment from self-concept or body-watching themselves from outside of their body
- Derealization is sense of unreality about surroundings- what I am experiencing is not real

23
Q

What are three requirements of DID according to the DSM-V?

A
  • Depersonalization in form of two or more self-identities- not just watching ourselves but separate fragments of yourself and the identity
    -Psychological stressors often precipitate transitions between IDs
    -> Frequent gapes in memory
  • Significant distress or dysfunction
24
Q

What is tulpa and why is it not considered DID?

A

Tulpa is people with imaginary friends and it is not DID because they don’t experience distress

25
Q

What is one reason psychologists debate of whether DID is a real disorder?

A

Can be created by a patient’s interaction with a psychologist
Iatrogenic disorder: disorder created by provide

26
Q

What are the three types of phobias?

A

1) Agoraphobia: fear of public places
2) Social phobia: fear of public embarrassment
3) Specific phobia

27
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of specific phobia?

A

1) Animal type
2) Natural environment type
3) Situational type
4) Blood/injury type
5) Miscellaneous

28
Q

What does preparedness theory say about phobias?

A

Proposes that most phobias are not random but instinctual

29
Q

How to treat phobias?

A

Behavioural therapies are best!
-Exposure until extinction
-Systematic desensitization (aka, exposure therapy)
-> Virtual exposure
-> Modeling
- Flooding- immediate exposure as long as the fear is not dangerous
-> Works more quickly than desensitization
-> One session treatment (OST)

30
Q

What is One Session treatment (OST)

A
  • 3-hour long, single session therapy
    1. Patient makes commitment to stay
    2. Patient approaches phobic stimulus as close as they can
    3. At closest point, wait until anxiety decreases
    4. Conclude when anxiety has subsided and when patient states intention never to avoid phobic stimulus in the future
31
Q

Treatment on phobic disorder?

A

Exposure therapy: Yes
-For specific phobias
Cognitive therapy: Sometimes
- For phobias that are generalized
Medication: No
-Although serotonin/dopamine abnormalities are commonly seen

Psychology 102 - Midterm (13 decks)

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