Chap 11 (Development)

Question 1

Define
A) Developmental psychology
B) Stages
C) Maturation

Answer 1

A) examines how people change from infancy through old age
B) distinct segments of one’s life with sharp differences between them
C) a series of biological growth processes that enable orderly growth, relatively independent of experience

Question 2

Define
A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Sequential design

Answer 2

A) a methodological approach to studying development that compares participants of different age groups to one another
B) a methodological approach to studying development that tracks participants across time and compares each participant at different time points
C) a methodological approach to studying development that tracks multiple age groups across time and compares different age groups to one another, as well as compares participants to themselves at different time points

Question 3

Define
A) Zygote
B) Embryo
C) Fetus
D) Neural tube

Answer 3

A) a fertilized egg, formed by the fusion of sperm and egg
B) an unborn, developing offspring, identified in humans between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy
C) an unborn, developing offspring, identified in humans between the 9th week of pregnancy and birth
D) a tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the brain and spinal cord develop

Question 4

Define
A) Cognitive development
B) Schema
C) Assimilation
D) Accommodation

Answer 4

A) Changes in all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
B) Mental structures that represent our experiences
C) in Piaget’s theory, the process of using an existing schema to interpret a new experience
D) in Piaget’s theory, the process of revising existing schemas to incorporate information from a new experience

Question 5

What are the four stages of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 5

1) Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
2) Preoperational stage (2-7 years)
3) Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
4) Formal operational stage (12 years and up)

Question 6

Define
A) Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
B) Preoperational stage (2 - 7 years)

Answer 6

A) The child develops knowledge through senses and actions but cannot yet think using symbols such as language. During this stage, the child learns that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden
B) The child masters the use of symbols but struggles to see situations from multiple perspectives or to imagine how situations can change. During this stage, children classify objects but only according to a single feature, such as colour or shape

Question 7

Define
A) Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
B) Formal operational stage (12 years and up)

Answer 7

A) The child becomes capable of using multiple perspectives and his imagination to solve complex problems, but is able to apply this thinking only to concrete objects or events
B) Adolescents become able to reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions

Question 8

Define
A) Object permanence
B) Social referencing

Answer 8

A) The awareness that objects continue to exist even they are out of sight
B) A process of using others’ facial expressions for information about how to react to a situation

Question 9

Define
A) Attachment
B) Imprinting
C) Temperament

Answer 9

A) the strong, enduring, emotional bond between infant and caregiver
B) a mechanism for establishing attachment early in life where an organism attaches to the first moving object they see
C) a person’s characteristic patterns of emotion and behaviour that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined

Question 10

What is
A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure attachment

Answer 10

A) Children use caregiver as secure base, can explore and are quickly reassured after a separation
B) does not use caregiver as secure base and not reassured after a separation.

Question 11

What are the two types of insecure attachment?

Answer 11

1) Insecure/avoidant attachment: infant acts distant when caregiver is presence and ignore caregiver when she returns from separation, this is mask and infant is actually distressed
2) Insecure/ambivalent attachment: infant does not explore even when caregiver is present and become extremely upset when she leaves and returns

Question 12

What time period does ‘childhood’ occur?

Answer 12

Time span between end of infancy (2 years) and start of adolescence

Question 13

Define:
A) symbolic representation
B) operations
C) conservation

Answer 13

A) the use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to represent other things
B) in childhood, the manipulation of schemas
C) the idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain constant despite superficial changes in the object’s shape or form

Question 14

Define
A) Egocentrism
B) Theory of mind

Answer 14

A) in Piaget’s theory, the difficulty that preoperational children have with perceiving objects or situations from another’s point of view
B) the understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways, and that these representations can explain and predict how others will behave

Question 15

Define
A) Sociocultural view of development
B) Scaffolding

Answer 15

A) Lee Vygotsky’s proposal that the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment
B) a process of promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things that are beyond their current capabilities

Question 16

Define these four parenting styles:
A) Authoritarian parent
B) Permissive parent
C) Authoritative parent
D) Disengaged parent

Answer 16

A) Low responsiveness, high demandingness, minimal emotional support yet strict standards for obedience
B) High responsiveness, low demandingness, warm and attentive yet very few rules and structures
C) High responsiveness, high demandingness, clear rules and structures but emotional support and reason
D) Low responsiveness, low demandingness, few rules but also relatively insensitive to their child’s needs

Question 17

Define
A) Adolescence
B) Puberty
C) Primary sex characteristics
D) Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 17

A) the period of transition between childhood and adulthood
B) the period of sexual maturation during which males and females become capable of reproduction
C) body structures, such as ovaries, testes, and external genitalia, that makes sexual reproduction possible
D) nonreproductive body structures likes hips, torsos, voice, body hair, etc.

Question 18

Define these three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development:
A) Preconventional stage
B) Conventional stage
C) Postconventional stage

Answer 18

A) in Kohlberg’s theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgements based on self-interest, such as avoiding punishments and gaining rewards
B) in Kohlberg’s theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgements based on caring for others and upholding social roles and rules
C) in Kohlberg’s theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgements based on ideals and broad moral principles

Question 19

Define
A) Social identity
B) Emerging adulthood
C) Social clock

Answer 19

A) a sense of identity that is rooted in group memberships
B) the period between adolescence and adulthood, roughly the ages of 18-25, when people take time to finish school, gain financial independence, and establish careers and families
C) a set of norms that govern the typical timing of milestones like marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Question 20

Define
A) Menopause
B) Alzheimer’s disease
C) Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 20

A) Natural end of menstruation
B) a degenerative brain disorder characterized by a progressive and widespread loss of nerve cells, leading to memory problems, disorientation, and eventually total helplessness
C) Laura Carstensen’s theory that our perception of how much time we have left in our lives leads us to value emotional over informational goals