Chap 1&2

Question 1

Define:
A) Pseudoscience
B) Empirical evidence
C) WEIRD

Answer 1

A) makes claims that are not supported by reliable, scientific evidence
B) based on accurate measurement/observation
C) Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Question 2

Define:
A) Cognitive perspective
B) Emotional perspective

Answer 2

A) the mental processes that underlie perception, thought, memory, etc.
B) looks at how our capacity to feel, express, and perceive emotions affects our decision making, behaviour, and relationships

Question 3

Define Biological-neuroscience perspectives

Answer 3

Seeks to understand the biological underpinning of how we think, act, and behave

Question 4

Define:
A) Personality perspective
B) Social psychological perspective
C) Growth mindset

Answer 4

A) Seeks to understand aspects of behaviour that are relatively stable over time and across situations
B) Considers how immediate social contexts influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, independent of personality
C) Believe that human personality and behaviour can change, these people are better at sticking to goals and adjusting behaviour

Question 5

What is positive psychology? What are the three components?

Answer 5

Studies human experiences that foster happiness.
Positive emotion and pleasure, engagement with life, living a meaningful life

Question 6

Define metacognition

Answer 6

An awareness and understanding of your own thought processes

Question 7

Define:
A) Theory-data cycle
B) Theory
C) Hypothesis
D) Data
E) replication

Answer 7

A) involves developing a theory and collecting data to confirm or deny
B) Set of propositions about what people do and why
C) A prediction in a study about what will happen based on the theory
D) Observations from study (usually in numerical form)
E) means that study has been conducted more than once on new sample of participants and found the same basic results

Question 8

A) Define Variable
B) What are the two types of variables?

Answer 8

A) Something of interest that has at least two levels
B) Measured variables: used in every study, levels (e.g. time) observed and recorded
Manipulated variable: researcher controls levels and assigns different ones to different participants (such as degree of intoxication)

Question 9

Define:
A) Operational definitions
B) Validity
C) Construct validity
D) Reliability

Answer 9

A) Specify exact process for determining levels/values of variables
B) Appropriateness or accuracy of claim/conclusion
C) How well variables are operationalized
D) Degree to which a measure yields consistent results each time it is administered

Question 10

What are the three types of research methods?

Answer 10

1) Descriptive research: focuses on one measured variable at a time with the goal of describing what is typical
2) Correlational research: researchers measure two or more variables in order to tell how they are related to one another
3) Experimental research: supports causal statements

Question 11

Define:
A) Sample
B) Population of interest
C) Random sampling
D) External validity

Answer 11

A) Smaller group that participates in study
B) Larger group that researcher is trying to understand, sample is picked out of this group
C) All members of population must have equal chance of being selected
D) when the sample in the study can generalize to the population of interest

Question 12

Define naturalistic observation?

Answer 12

Psychologists observe behaviour in their everyday environments

Question 13

Define scatterplot

Answer 13

Data from correlational studies can be presented in this type of graph, each dot represents a study participant

Question 14

Define:
A) Third-variable problem
B) Internal validity
C) Confound

Answer 14

A) Occurs whenever correlation observed between two variables is actually explained by influence of some third variable
B) Alternative explanations are ruled out
C) Unintended differences in study other than the independent variable

Question 15

Define:
A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable

Answer 15

A) Manipulated variable, the hypothesized cause
B) Measured variable, the hypothesized effect

Question 16

Define:
A) Random assignment
B) Experimental group
C) Control group
D) Placebo condition

Answer 16

A) Random method used to decide which participants will be in which group
B) Group where the active ingredient is present
C) Group where condition is absent
D) Participants are in placebo group

Question 17

Define:
A) Descriptive statistics
B) Frequency distribution

Answer 17

A) summarize participants differing responses in terms of what was most typical and how much responses varied from the average
B) a descriptive statistic that takes the form of a bar graph in which the possible scores on a variable are listed on x-axis and total number of people who had each score is plotted on y-axis

Question 18

Define:
A) Central tendency
B) Mean
C) Median
D) Mode

Answer 18

A) Center of the batch of scores
B) Arithmetic average of a group of scores
C) Middle score
D) Most common score in the batch

Question 19

Define:
A) Variability
B) Standard deviation

Answer 19

A) extent to which the scores in a batch vary
B) Calculates how much a batch of scores varies from its mean

Question 20

Define:
A) Effect size
B) Inferential statistics

Answer 20

A) Describes magnitude of relationship between manipulated or measured variables
B) Use sample results to infer what is true about the broader population

Question 21

Define:
A) Statistical significance
B) Meta-analysis

Answer 21

A) Apply rules of logic and probability to estimate whether the results obtained in sample came from a particular population
B) Combine all studies on same variable to estimate size of effect found in body of research

Question 22

What does Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?

Answer 22

Determines whether a study lives up to ethical standards