Lectures 8 and 9 Flashcards
Which Resonant Consonants or Sonorants are similare to vowels?
nasals
liquids
glides
What are Non-Resonant Consonants or Obstruents?
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
What are characteristics of Resonant Consonants?
Free airflow, articulation shapes vocal-tract cavities
characterized mainly by formant frequencies
all are voiced- having a periodic laryneal source
What are characteristics of no-resonant consonants or obsturents?
blocked or restricted airflow
have aperiodic sounds sources in the upper vocal tract
can be voiced or voiceless
What is the sound sorce for a voiced consonant?
periodic laryngeal source
What is the sound source for voiceless consonants?
supraglottal noise sources
aperiodic laryngeal source
What are the sound sources in obsturents?
stops bursts
frication
What is the sound source for voiced obstruents?
periodic and aperiodic sources
What are examples of resonoant consonatns (sonorants)?
apporoximants –> liquids –> /r/, /l/
apporximants –> glides –> /w/, /j/
Is the formant transition faster or slower for vowels?
faster
When do consonants occur?
on periphery: next to vowles but cannot take their place
What do vowels form for a word?
the nucleus of the word
What is the productio of glide [j] similar to?
[i]
What is the production of glide [j]?
high, front tongue position
genioglossus active
risorius and buccinator active also
What are the formant values for [j]?
low F1
High F2
What is glide [w] similar to?
[u]
What is the production of [w]?
high, back tongue position, rounded lips
styloglossus and orbicularis oris active
What are the formant volues for [w]?
Low F1
Low F2
What is the position for [l]?
tongue-tip contact with the alveolar ridge: the sides of the tongue are doewn: ther eis a lateral emission of air
What is the position of [r]?
retroflexed (tongue tip bent back)
often a lip is rounded
What are the acoustics of [l], [r] ? (evident in F2 and F3)
F3 low for [r]
F3 level for {l}
Are most speech sounds oral or nasal?
oral
Can liquids function as syllable nuclei?
yes
What happens with oral soudns?
VP port is closed
levator palatini muscle is active
possible contraction of superior constrictor and uvular muscle
What happens for nasal sounds?
levator palatini muscle is relaxed
palatoglussus muscle may actively lower velum as well as palatopharyngeus
Where are nasal sounds blocked? Same for places of articulation for stops
at the lips
at the alveolar ridge
at the soft palate
When the VP port is open what kind of resonant cavity does this create?
large cavity
What is the F1 that is sometimes called a nasal murmur?
250-500 Hz
Where can non-resonant consonants - fricatives be produced?
labiodental
linguadental
alveolar
postalveolar
What happens for labiodental fircatives?
lower lip approximates upper incisors
obicularis oris ingerior is active
What happens for lingua-dental fricatives?
tongue tip apporximates upper incisors
superior lontitudinal tonge muscles are active
What happens with alveolar fricatives?
tongue forms constriction at alveolar ridge
air flows thorugh midline groove of tongue against teeth
short anterior cavity emphasizes high frequencies
postalveolar fircatives
tongue forms groove in alveolarpalatal region
lips are often rounded
longer anterior cavity emphasizes lower frequencies
What are high frequencies emphasized for?
alveolar fricatives
what are lower frequencies emphasized for?
alveopalatal fricatives
what happens with a glottal fricative?
no supraglottal constriction
involves turgulent noise at the glottis
may be voiced
cocal tract shape depends on the vowel that follows it
How are stops produced?
complete articulatory closure in oral cabity
VP port is closed
the intraoral pressure rises during the closure
intraoral pressure drops at the release
oral release yeilds a transient noise sourece, also called a release burst
What happens for bilabial stops?
orbicularis oris used for lip closure
what happens for alveolar stops?
superior longitudinal muscle elevates the tongue tip
What happens for velar stops?
styloglossus and palatoglossus muscles raise tongue dorwum
hylohyoid raises floor of oral cavity
contact is velor or palatal depending on vowel context
glottal stop:
vocal folds tightly approximated
How are the places of stop articulation indicated?
**frequency rage of most instense portion of release burst: **
bilabials, low frequencies
alveolar stops: higher frequencies
velar stops: burst frequencies depend on following vowel
F2 fransition to/from the following/precedign vowel
as for vowels, F2 relates to tongue position in oral cavity
F2 transition refelcts placement of following vowel
how are syllable-initial stops mainly differentiated?
Voice Onset Time (VOT): this is the tim between stop release and phonation onset
What are the three categories VOT?
voicing lead: voicing begins before stop release
zero onset/short-lag: voicing begins at or very shorltly after stop release
long-lag VOT: voicing begins well after release
What happens during a voicing lead?
vocal folds apporximated thougout stop closure
phonation occurs during stop closure
What happens during short-lag?
vocal folds adducted by the time the stop is released
silent closure; phonation begins at rlease or just after
What happens during long-lag?
vocal folds adduct after teh stop is released
voicing is delayed; the stop is aspirated
