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Speech Science > Lectures 8 and 9 > Flashcards

Lectures 8 and 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which Resonant Consonants or Sonorants are similare to vowels?

A

nasals

liquids

glides

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2
Q

What are Non-Resonant Consonants or Obstruents?

A

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

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3
Q

What are characteristics of Resonant Consonants?

A

Free airflow, articulation shapes vocal-tract cavities

characterized mainly by formant frequencies

all are voiced- having a periodic laryneal source

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4
Q

What are characteristics of no-resonant consonants or obsturents?

A

blocked or restricted airflow

have aperiodic sounds sources in the upper vocal tract

can be voiced or voiceless

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5
Q

What is the sound sorce for a voiced consonant?

A

periodic laryngeal source

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6
Q

What is the sound source for voiceless consonants?

A

supraglottal noise sources

aperiodic laryngeal source

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7
Q

What are the sound sources in obsturents?

A

stops bursts

frication

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8
Q

What is the sound source for voiced obstruents?

A

periodic and aperiodic sources

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9
Q

What are examples of resonoant consonatns (sonorants)?

A

apporoximants –> liquids –> /r/, /l/

apporximants –> glides –> /w/, /j/

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10
Q

Is the formant transition faster or slower for vowels?

A

faster

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11
Q

When do consonants occur?

A

on periphery: next to vowles but cannot take their place

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12
Q

What do vowels form for a word?

A

the nucleus of the word

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13
Q

What is the productio of glide [j] similar to?

A

[i]

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14
Q

What is the production of glide [j]?

A

high, front tongue position

genioglossus active

risorius and buccinator active also

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15
Q

What are the formant values for [j]?

A

low F1

High F2

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16
Q

What is glide [w] similar to?

A

[u]

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17
Q

What is the production of [w]?

A

high, back tongue position, rounded lips

styloglossus and orbicularis oris active

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18
Q

What are the formant volues for [w]?

A

Low F1

Low F2

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19
Q

What is the position for [l]?

A

tongue-tip contact with the alveolar ridge: the sides of the tongue are doewn: ther eis a lateral emission of air

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20
Q

What is the position of [r]?

A

retroflexed (tongue tip bent back)

often a lip is rounded

21
Q

What are the acoustics of [l], [r] ? (evident in F2 and F3)

A

F3 low for [r]

F3 level for {l}

22
Q

Are most speech sounds oral or nasal?

A

oral

23
Q

Can liquids function as syllable nuclei?

A

yes

24
Q
A
25
Q

What happens with oral soudns?

A

VP port is closed

levator palatini muscle is active

possible contraction of superior constrictor and uvular muscle

26
Q

What happens for nasal sounds?

A

levator palatini muscle is relaxed

palatoglussus muscle may actively lower velum as well as palatopharyngeus

27
Q

Where are nasal sounds blocked? Same for places of articulation for stops

A

at the lips

at the alveolar ridge

at the soft palate

28
Q

When the VP port is open what kind of resonant cavity does this create?

A

large cavity

29
Q

What is the F1 that is sometimes called a nasal murmur?

A

250-500 Hz

30
Q

Where can non-resonant consonants - fricatives be produced?

A

labiodental

linguadental

alveolar

postalveolar

31
Q

What happens for labiodental fircatives?

A

lower lip approximates upper incisors

obicularis oris ingerior is active

32
Q

What happens for lingua-dental fricatives?

A

tongue tip apporximates upper incisors

superior lontitudinal tonge muscles are active

33
Q

What happens with alveolar fricatives?

A

tongue forms constriction at alveolar ridge

air flows thorugh midline groove of tongue against teeth

short anterior cavity emphasizes high frequencies

34
Q

postalveolar fircatives

A

tongue forms groove in alveolarpalatal region

lips are often rounded

longer anterior cavity emphasizes lower frequencies

35
Q

What are high frequencies emphasized for?

A

alveolar fricatives

36
Q

what are lower frequencies emphasized for?

A

alveopalatal fricatives

37
Q

what happens with a glottal fricative?

A

no supraglottal constriction

involves turgulent noise at the glottis

may be voiced

cocal tract shape depends on the vowel that follows it

38
Q

How are stops produced?

A

complete articulatory closure in oral cabity

VP port is closed

the intraoral pressure rises during the closure

intraoral pressure drops at the release

oral release yeilds a transient noise sourece, also called a release burst

39
Q

What happens for bilabial stops?

A

orbicularis oris used for lip closure

40
Q

what happens for alveolar stops?

A

superior longitudinal muscle elevates the tongue tip

41
Q

What happens for velar stops?

A

styloglossus and palatoglossus muscles raise tongue dorwum

hylohyoid raises floor of oral cavity

contact is velor or palatal depending on vowel context

42
Q

glottal stop:

A

vocal folds tightly approximated

43
Q

How are the places of stop articulation indicated?

A

**frequency rage of most instense portion of release burst: **

bilabials, low frequencies

alveolar stops: higher frequencies

velar stops: burst frequencies depend on following vowel

F2 fransition to/from the following/precedign vowel

as for vowels, F2 relates to tongue position in oral cavity

F2 transition refelcts placement of following vowel

44
Q

how are syllable-initial stops mainly differentiated?

A

Voice Onset Time (VOT): this is the tim between stop release and phonation onset

45
Q

What are the three categories VOT?

A

voicing lead: voicing begins before stop release

zero onset/short-lag: voicing begins at or very shorltly after stop release

long-lag VOT: voicing begins well after release

46
Q

What happens during a voicing lead?

A

vocal folds apporximated thougout stop closure

phonation occurs during stop closure

47
Q

What happens during short-lag?

A

vocal folds adducted by the time the stop is released

silent closure; phonation begins at rlease or just after

48
Q

What happens during long-lag?

A

vocal folds adduct after teh stop is released

voicing is delayed; the stop is aspirated

49
Q
A

Speech Science (14 decks)

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