Lecture 2

Question 1

what are the two types of sound production in speech?

Answer 1

phonotory source (periodic)

supraglottal source (aperiodic)

Question 2

What is the phonatory source for sound production in speech?

Answer 2

air pressure/airflow and muscular forces cause the coval folds to vibrate

Question 3

What is the supraglottal source for sound production in speech?

Answer 3

when air pressure builds up behind vocal tract closures and is released (stops)

when air is forced through narrow constrictions (fricatves)

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Question 4

Wher are the vocal folds located?

Answer 4

the larynx

Question 5

What does the larynx do?

Answer 5

controls airflow in adn out of the lungs, protecting the airway

portects during swallowing

increses intrathoracic pressure during exertion, coughing, and other bodily functions

provides a sound source for speech

Question 6

What are the fundamental frequencies for men, women and children?

Answer 6

men ~100 Hz

women ~200 Hz

children ~300 Hz

Question 7

What is the myoelsastic aerodynamic theory?

Answer 7

myo: muscles lightly adduct the vocal folds and establish levels of tension adn elasticity within the vocal folds
elasticity: allows vocal folds to be stretched and then return to their muscularily dertermined position in each cycle

aerodynamic; subglotttal pressure from the lungs, wich acts as a force to oen; and iarflow (bernouli orce) wich acts as a force to close

Question 8

During phonation the muscularly determined position is:

open or closed?

Answer 8

closed

Question 9

When are the vocal folds opened/ abducted?

Answer 9

when phonation is OVER and teh speaker takes a breath

Question 10

What is the cover-body model of vocal folds?

Answer 10

cover: mucous membrane connective tissue known as the epithelium and lamina propria (there is three layers of this)

Body: muscle (stiff) they thyroarytenoid muscle (has two parts)

the body and the cover have different bibratory porperties

Question 11

Which muscles determine how tightly the body adn cover are connected in phonation?

Answer 11

intrnsic laryngeal muscles

Question 12

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Answer 12

between the jaw and the larynx

Question 13

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 13

a flexible cortilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

Question 14

What does the thyroid cartilage do?

Answer 14

encloses the larynx anteriorly

Question 15

What does the cricoid cartilage do?

Answer 15

it is the top ring of the tracha and supports the arytenoids

Question 16

What are the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 16

paired pyramidal structures the vocal processes run forward to attach to the vocal folds and the muscular porcesses run laterally on the posterior surface adn provide attachment points for some important muscles

Question 17

Where are the vocal folds located?

Answer 17

anteroposteriorly they runf from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages

between them in an enclosed space along the center line is the glottis

they are superior to the trachea

they are inferior to the false ventricular vocal folds and laryngeal ventricle

Question 18

What are teh parts of the vocal folds?

Answer 18

vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

the vocal ligament

the thyroarytenoid muscle

teh superficial mucous membrane

Question 19

Are the vocal folds adducted or abducted when the are in rest position?

Answer 19

abducted

Question 20

Are the vocal folds adducted or abducted when there is phonation or voiced sounds?

Answer 20

adducted

Question 21

what muscle is used to abduct the vocal folds?

Answer 21

the PCA- posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

Question 22

Which muscles adduct the vocal folds?

Answer 22

The transverse and oblique Interarytenoid (IA)

lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (LCA)

Question 24

What is needed for phonation?

Answer 24

That the subglottal pressure is greater than teh pressure above teh vocal folds

Question 25

Which muscles help with the myo part of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory and lightly adducte the vocal folds?

Answer 25

LCA

IA

Question 26

How are the vocal folds made less massive adn more tense?

Answer 26

stretching the cricothyroid (CT) and thinning the vocal folds and increasing the f0 (fundamental frequency)

Question 27

what are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscles?

Answer 27

cricoid ring at teh anterior adn lateral margins

thyroid cartilage at the inferior edge

Question 28

How is the larynx raised?

Answer 28

the suprahoid muscles contract

tension incrases in the conus elasticus

fundamental frequency increases

Question 29

How is the larynx lowered?

Answer 29

the infrahyoid muscles contrac- especially the sternohyoid

reduction of tension in teh conus elasticus

fundamental frequency decreases