Lectures 8-9 Flashcards
1
Q
What housing is banned in the UK for breeding sows?
A
gestation stalls
2
Q
What 3 health problems are caused because of inadequate exercise in gestation stalls?
A
osteoporosis
lameness
overgrown hooves
3
Q
What 2 health problems are caused because of inadequate water intake in gestation stalls?
A
infertility
urinary infections
4
Q
What are the three ways animal welfare can be considered?
A
physical function
mental feelings
naturalness
5
Q
What did the Barnett et al 2012 paper conclude about welfare of sows in gestation stalls?
A
that when measuring welfare in terms of health, reproduction and growth, it was good
6
Q
What did the EU Scientific Veterinary Committee 1997 report conclude about the welfare of sows in gestation stalls?
A
that when measuring welfare in terms of feelings and naturalness, it was bad
7
Q
What 3 negative affects on piglets can aggression at mixing of pregnant sows cause?
A
increased stress reactivity
poor growth rates
poor maternal behaviour as adults
8
Q
What are four ways to reduce aggression at feeding of group housed sows?
A
spreading food out
individual feeding stalls
trickle feeding
electronic feeding stations
9
Q
What tags are used for electronic feeding stations?
A
Radio frequency identification ear tags
10
Q
When can sows be put in farrowing crates according to UK legislation?
A
1 week before farrowing
11
Q
What physiological factor has been shown to increase in sows while in farrowing crates?
A
plasma cortisol
12
Q
Is the number of stillborn piglets higher in farrowing crates or alternative housing?
A
farrowing crates
13
Q
Is the piglet mortality higher in farrowing crates or alternative housing?
A
alternative housing
14
Q
What is the project which aims to develop an alternative to farrowing crates?
A
PigSAFE project
15
Q
What percentage of UK pigs are kept outdoors?
A
40%
16
Q
What are two problems with outdoor pig farming?
A
extreme weather
parasites
17
Q
What position do piglets lie in to keep warm?
A
sternally
18
Q
What position do pigs lie in to cool?
A
recumbently
19
Q
In what position do pigs require more space?
A
recumbent position
20
Q
What are two welfare problems caused by high stocking densities for pigs?
A
tail biting
ear biting
21
Q
What two health problems can tail biting cause?
A
ascending infection
spinal abscesses
22
Q
What are the legal requirements for stocking density based on?
A
body weight
23
Q
What two factors affect space requirement for pigs?
A
body weight
temperature
24
Q
What two things does legislation require about a pigs environment?
A
the pigs have access to manipulatable material
suitable flooring provided
25
Why is straw not always suitable as a manipulatable material for pigs?
some slurry systems cannot handle straw
26
What are two factors which reduce abnormal behaviour in pigs?
increasing space
| access to straw
27
What often increases in an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and what might this be linked to?
tail biting, increased circulating cytokines
28
What condition does the provision of straw to growing pigs reduce?
gastric ulcers
29
Is cleaning and disinfecting the environment between batches of pigs require legally?
yes
30
What are three mutilations carried out on pigs?
tail docking
teeth clipping
castration
31
Why is castration carried out?
to reduce boar taint
32
What size do boars have to get to to deposit testosterone in the meat and fat?
90kg
33
What is the drugs used in immuno-castration?
Improvac
34
What does the drug used in immuno-castration immunise the pig against?
GnRH
35
What are two welfare reasons for castrating males?
```
reducing male aggression
reducing stress (because of less mounting)
```
36
What two health problems does teeth clipping reduce?
face biting
| mastitis in the sow
37
What two things in piglets does teeth clipping improve?
weight gain
| reduce pre-weaning death
38
Why is weight gain improved through teeth clipping?
sow more comfortable so allows the piglets to suckle for longer
39
Why is pre-weaning death reduced through teeth clipping?
sow more comfortable so will lie down more reducing overlays
40
What proportion of the tail is removed in tail docking?
distal 2/3
41
What are 3 causal factors of tail biting?
crowding
lack of bedding
disease
42
When does EU legislation allow mutilations to be carried out?
when there is evidence of injury to sow teats or piglets ears or tails
43
After what age can teeth clipping not be carried out?
7 days
44
What must be done before tail docking is resorted to?
other environmental factors must be improved first
45
In an enriched environment, how many times worse must pain of tail biting be than the pain at tail docking for docking to be worth it?
31
46
In an non-enriched environment, how many times worse must pain of tail biting be than the pain at tail docking for docking to be worth it?
7
47
What can pigs be described as in terms of their digestive system?
omnivorous monogastrics
48
What is the main component of pigs diets?
cereals
49
What 3 cereals are pigs usually fed on?
barley
wheat
maize
50
What happens to digestibility when cereals are ground up?
increases
51
Is ground cereal more or less expensive than less processed cereal?
more
52
What condition can ground cereals predispose pigs to?
gastric ulcers
53
Where in the stomach are gastric ulcers usually found?
at the stomach oesophagus junction (non-glandular region)
54
What two by-products can be fed for their high energy?
wheat bran from flour milling
| human food processing by products e.g. bakery products
55
What is the nutritional value of cereal by-products?
low
56
What are two sources of protein for pigs?
vegetable protein
| animal protein
57
What are 3 examples of vegetable proteins?
soybean
canola
legumes
58
What kind of tissue does vegetable proteins maximise the growth of?
lean tissue
59
What are 5 sources of animal protein?
```
fishmeal
meat meal
feather meal
skimmed milk powder
whey powder
```
60
What type of animal protein is banned in the UK and why is it banned?
meat meal, because of BSE
61
What pigs are fed skimmed milk and whey powder and why?
young pigs, high growth rates
62
What are the most expensive proteins?
skimmed milk powder and whey powder
63
What are 3 sources of fat?
soya oil
fat blends
vegetable oil
64
Why are fats given to pigs?
to add additional energy
65
What 2 vitamins do pigs particularly need?
calcium
| phosphorous
66
What foods are deficient in the vitamins pigs need?
cereals
67
How are vitamins supplied to pigs?
dicalcium phosphate supplied as a powder
68
What 6 viral diseases could be transmitted by feed stuffs?
```
Foot and Mouth disease
Swine Vesicular disease
African Swine fever
Porcine Circovirus
Porcine Respiratory and Reproduction virus
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus
```
69
Which food stuff is a particular environmental problem because it is grown in South America?
soyabean
70
Which home grown products could replace soyabean?
peas
| beans
71
What three environmental issues could changing from soyabean to home grown beans improve?
global warming
eutrophication
acidification
72
What are four disadvantages of feeding peas and beans to pigs?
poor palatability
antinutrient factors
causing pork taint
price
73
What are the 3 main components of pig diet?
digestible energy
crude protein
% lysine
74
Which amino acid is the first limiting one in pigs diets and determines the quality of the protein?
lysine
75
Which pigs have the highest protein and energy requirement?
young pigs
76
At what life stage does the requirement for DE and lysine increase other than for young pigs?
lactating sows?
77
Why should dry sows be given more fibre?
this has lower digestible energy content but allows the sow to fulfill a welfare requriment
78
What is the lysine content like in cereals?
low
79
What are the next limiting amino acids after lysine?
methionine
| cysteine
80
Why are methionine and cysteine considered together in terms of quantity in the food?
because they can be converted from one to another
81
How is extra lysine supplied to pigs?
synthetic lysine HC1
82
At what parity does a sow reach full adult body weight?
6
83
What is the average body weight of a sow?
250kg
84
What BCS system is used in pigs?
1-5
85
What are the 4 points sows should be body condition scored?
weaning
service
mid-pregnancy
farrowing
86
What is the target BCS at weaning?
2.5
87
Body condition scoring at what stage in sows is important for determining the feeding strategy?
mid-prgnancy
88
What is the target BCS at farrowing?
3.5
89
What can be caused by BCS >/= 3.75 at farrowing?
dystocia
90
If it is too late to alter the feeding strategy by farrowing, why is it important to body condition score?
because it shows whether the feeding strategy was successful
91
Below what BCS should sows not be serviced?
3
92
What is the aim in terms of a sows body weight during lactation?
for the sow not to lose condition
93
Why should feed intake of sows be restricted for a few days after farrowing?
to increase maximum intake of food when optimum milk yields are needed
94
How many times a day should a lactating sow be fed?
3
95
If body condition is lost during pregnancy, when should this be regained?
in the middle stage of pregnancy
96
Why should BCS lost during pregnancy not be regained during early pregnancy?
because this reduces conception rates
97
What condition is caused by excessive weight loss in lactating sows?
thin sow syndrome
98
What are five aspects of thin sow syndrome becoming increasingly bad?
```
delayed weaning to mating interval
reduced ovulation rates
overfeeding and overconditioning during pregnancy
reduced appetite at farrowing
excessive weight loss during lactation
```
99
What are the three main causes of thin sow syndrome?
feeding too much in pregnancy
feeding too little during lactation
bullying
100
What is the easiest way to detect thin sow syndrome?
decubital ulcers on prominences
101
What pig system is thin sow syndrome a bigger problem?
outdoor systems
102
Over how many days should protein be increased in the diet of piglets?
10 days
103
How much should sows be fed by the end of lactation?
fed to appetite
104
What temperature should be sows be kept at while lactating?
16-18 degrees
105
What is the main problem with boars being over body conditioned?
they lose libido
106
How old are pigs sent to slaughter?
15-21 weeks
107
At what age are piglets weaned?
4 weeks?
108
Can antibiotics be used in the UK to increase piglet growth?
no
109
Why have zinc oxide and copper sulfate use in piglets to increase digestion efficiency been banned?
because they were contaminating the environment
110
How much should weaner pigs be fed?
fed to appetite
111
Why does weaner feed need to be highly digestible?
because the immature digestive systems of piglets lack enzymes to digest starch
112
What does weaner feed need to be high in?
protein
| energy
113
Why are sweeteners added to weaner feed?
to improve intake
114
What does follow-on creep feed lack which starter creep feed has?
whey powder
| skimmed milk powder
115
How can the digestibility of weaner feed be increased?
cooking
116
What can poorly digestible food cause in weaner piglets?
scours
117
What is the term for the amount of food needed to produce a 1kg increase in body weight?
food conversion efficiency
118
What are five general factors affecting the growth of grower/finisher pigs?
```
nutrition
environment
genetics
sex
health
```
119
What is the term used to describe the concept where a factor not being optimal means that genetic potential is not acheived?
Rain Barrel Concept
120
Why is energy and protein content of food reduced between grower and finisher pigs?
because otherwise the finisher pigs would get too fat
121
What are the two possible forms of finisher feed?
dry
| wet
122
What are the two possible forms of dry finisher feed?
pellets
| meal
123
How does pelleting food decrease FCE value?
less food wasted
124
Is pellets or meal more expensive?
pellets
125
What digestive problems can feeding pellets cause?
colitis
126
What problem is associated with meal feed and why?
respiratory disease, creates dust
127
Does liquid feed have high or low digestibility?
high
128
What two categories of waste is it illegal to feed to pigs in the UK?
catering waste
| animal by-products
129
Does cooking oil count as catering waste?
yes
130
In what two ways is liquid diets increasing acidity useful?
kills harmful bacteria
| enhances phosphorous availability
131
How much space should a <25kg pig be given to feed?
15cm
132
How much space should a 25-75 kg pig be given to feed?
25cm
133
How much space should a >75kg pig be given to feed?
30cm
134
What are three ways pigs can be presented with food?
on the floor
in hoppers
in troughs
135
How many pigs should be able to feed at once if pigs are fed from troughs?
all pigs
136
Why is water flow rates important?
because pigs only spend 10 minutes a day drinking
137
What are two problems caused by dehydration in pigs?
poor FCE
| increased disease susceptibility
138
What is the biggest environmental problem with pig farming?
production of greenhouse gases
139
What stage of production is worst for the environment?
finishing herd
140
What is the best way to reduce the environmental impact of pig farming?
improving the feed conversion efficiency
141
What type of feed is the most environmentally friendly because of its good FCE?
liquid food
