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IAM > Lectures 8-9 > Flashcards

Lectures 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What housing is banned in the UK for breeding sows?

A

gestation stalls

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2
Q

What 3 health problems are caused because of inadequate exercise in gestation stalls?

A

osteoporosis
lameness
overgrown hooves

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3
Q

What 2 health problems are caused because of inadequate water intake in gestation stalls?

A

infertility

urinary infections

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4
Q

What are the three ways animal welfare can be considered?

A

physical function
mental feelings
naturalness

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5
Q

What did the Barnett et al 2012 paper conclude about welfare of sows in gestation stalls?

A

that when measuring welfare in terms of health, reproduction and growth, it was good

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6
Q

What did the EU Scientific Veterinary Committee 1997 report conclude about the welfare of sows in gestation stalls?

A

that when measuring welfare in terms of feelings and naturalness, it was bad

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7
Q

What 3 negative affects on piglets can aggression at mixing of pregnant sows cause?

A

increased stress reactivity
poor growth rates
poor maternal behaviour as adults

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8
Q

What are four ways to reduce aggression at feeding of group housed sows?

A

spreading food out
individual feeding stalls
trickle feeding
electronic feeding stations

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9
Q

What tags are used for electronic feeding stations?

A

Radio frequency identification ear tags

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10
Q

When can sows be put in farrowing crates according to UK legislation?

A

1 week before farrowing

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11
Q

What physiological factor has been shown to increase in sows while in farrowing crates?

A

plasma cortisol

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12
Q

Is the number of stillborn piglets higher in farrowing crates or alternative housing?

A

farrowing crates

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13
Q

Is the piglet mortality higher in farrowing crates or alternative housing?

A

alternative housing

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14
Q

What is the project which aims to develop an alternative to farrowing crates?

A

PigSAFE project

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15
Q

What percentage of UK pigs are kept outdoors?

A

40%

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16
Q

What are two problems with outdoor pig farming?

A

extreme weather

parasites

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17
Q

What position do piglets lie in to keep warm?

A

sternally

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18
Q

What position do pigs lie in to cool?

A

recumbently

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19
Q

In what position do pigs require more space?

A

recumbent position

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20
Q

What are two welfare problems caused by high stocking densities for pigs?

A

tail biting

ear biting

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21
Q

What two health problems can tail biting cause?

A

ascending infection

spinal abscesses

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22
Q

What are the legal requirements for stocking density based on?

A

body weight

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23
Q

What two factors affect space requirement for pigs?

A

body weight

temperature

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24
Q

What two things does legislation require about a pigs environment?

A

the pigs have access to manipulatable material

suitable flooring provided

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25
Q

Why is straw not always suitable as a manipulatable material for pigs?

A

some slurry systems cannot handle straw

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26
Q

What are two factors which reduce abnormal behaviour in pigs?

A

increasing space

access to straw

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27
Q

What often increases in an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and what might this be linked to?

A

tail biting, increased circulating cytokines

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28
Q

What condition does the provision of straw to growing pigs reduce?

A

gastric ulcers

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29
Q

Is cleaning and disinfecting the environment between batches of pigs require legally?

A

yes

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30
Q

What are three mutilations carried out on pigs?

A

tail docking
teeth clipping
castration

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31
Q

Why is castration carried out?

A

to reduce boar taint

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32
Q

What size do boars have to get to to deposit testosterone in the meat and fat?

A

90kg

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33
Q

What is the drugs used in immuno-castration?

A

Improvac

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34
Q

What does the drug used in immuno-castration immunise the pig against?

A

GnRH

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35
Q

What are two welfare reasons for castrating males?

A 
reducing male aggression
reducing stress (because of less mounting)
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36
Q

What two health problems does teeth clipping reduce?

A

face biting

mastitis in the sow

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37
Q

What two things in piglets does teeth clipping improve?

A

weight gain

reduce pre-weaning death

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38
Q

Why is weight gain improved through teeth clipping?

A

sow more comfortable so allows the piglets to suckle for longer

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39
Q

Why is pre-weaning death reduced through teeth clipping?

A

sow more comfortable so will lie down more reducing overlays

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40
Q

What proportion of the tail is removed in tail docking?

A

distal 2/3

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41
Q

What are 3 causal factors of tail biting?

A

crowding
lack of bedding
disease

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42
Q

When does EU legislation allow mutilations to be carried out?

A

when there is evidence of injury to sow teats or piglets ears or tails

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43
Q

After what age can teeth clipping not be carried out?

A

7 days

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44
Q

What must be done before tail docking is resorted to?

A

other environmental factors must be improved first

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45
Q

In an enriched environment, how many times worse must pain of tail biting be than the pain at tail docking for docking to be worth it?

A

31

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46
Q

In an non-enriched environment, how many times worse must pain of tail biting be than the pain at tail docking for docking to be worth it?

A

7

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47
Q

What can pigs be described as in terms of their digestive system?

A

omnivorous monogastrics

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48
Q

What is the main component of pigs diets?

A

cereals

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49
Q

What 3 cereals are pigs usually fed on?

A

barley
wheat
maize

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50
Q

What happens to digestibility when cereals are ground up?

A

increases

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51
Q

Is ground cereal more or less expensive than less processed cereal?

A

more

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52
Q

What condition can ground cereals predispose pigs to?

A

gastric ulcers

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53
Q

Where in the stomach are gastric ulcers usually found?

A

at the stomach oesophagus junction (non-glandular region)

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54
Q

What two by-products can be fed for their high energy?

A

wheat bran from flour milling

human food processing by products e.g. bakery products

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55
Q

What is the nutritional value of cereal by-products?

A

low

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56
Q

What are two sources of protein for pigs?

A

vegetable protein

animal protein

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57
Q

What are 3 examples of vegetable proteins?

A

soybean
canola
legumes

58
Q

What kind of tissue does vegetable proteins maximise the growth of?

A

lean tissue

59
Q

What are 5 sources of animal protein?

A 
fishmeal
meat meal
feather meal
skimmed milk powder
whey powder
60
Q

What type of animal protein is banned in the UK and why is it banned?

A

meat meal, because of BSE

61
Q

What pigs are fed skimmed milk and whey powder and why?

A

young pigs, high growth rates

62
Q

What are the most expensive proteins?

A

skimmed milk powder and whey powder

63
Q

What are 3 sources of fat?

A

soya oil
fat blends
vegetable oil

64
Q

Why are fats given to pigs?

A

to add additional energy

65
Q

What 2 vitamins do pigs particularly need?

A

calcium

phosphorous

66
Q

What foods are deficient in the vitamins pigs need?

A

cereals

67
Q

How are vitamins supplied to pigs?

A

dicalcium phosphate supplied as a powder

68
Q

What 6 viral diseases could be transmitted by feed stuffs?

A 
Foot and Mouth disease
Swine Vesicular disease
African Swine fever
Porcine Circovirus
Porcine Respiratory and Reproduction virus 
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus
69
Q

Which food stuff is a particular environmental problem because it is grown in South America?

A

soyabean

70
Q

Which home grown products could replace soyabean?

A

peas

beans

71
Q

What three environmental issues could changing from soyabean to home grown beans improve?

A

global warming
eutrophication
acidification

72
Q

What are four disadvantages of feeding peas and beans to pigs?

A

poor palatability
antinutrient factors
causing pork taint
price

73
Q

What are the 3 main components of pig diet?

A

digestible energy
crude protein
% lysine

74
Q

Which amino acid is the first limiting one in pigs diets and determines the quality of the protein?

A

lysine

75
Q

Which pigs have the highest protein and energy requirement?

A

young pigs

76
Q

At what life stage does the requirement for DE and lysine increase other than for young pigs?

A

lactating sows?

77
Q

Why should dry sows be given more fibre?

A

this has lower digestible energy content but allows the sow to fulfill a welfare requriment

78
Q

What is the lysine content like in cereals?

A

low

79
Q

What are the next limiting amino acids after lysine?

A

methionine

cysteine

80
Q

Why are methionine and cysteine considered together in terms of quantity in the food?

A

because they can be converted from one to another

81
Q

How is extra lysine supplied to pigs?

A

synthetic lysine HC1

82
Q

At what parity does a sow reach full adult body weight?

A

6

83
Q

What is the average body weight of a sow?

A

250kg

84
Q

What BCS system is used in pigs?

A

1-5

85
Q

What are the 4 points sows should be body condition scored?

A

weaning
service
mid-pregnancy
farrowing

86
Q

What is the target BCS at weaning?

A

2.5

87
Q

Body condition scoring at what stage in sows is important for determining the feeding strategy?

A

mid-prgnancy

88
Q

What is the target BCS at farrowing?

A

3.5

89
Q

What can be caused by BCS >/= 3.75 at farrowing?

A

dystocia

90
Q

If it is too late to alter the feeding strategy by farrowing, why is it important to body condition score?

A

because it shows whether the feeding strategy was successful

91
Q

Below what BCS should sows not be serviced?

A

3

92
Q

What is the aim in terms of a sows body weight during lactation?

A

for the sow not to lose condition

93
Q

Why should feed intake of sows be restricted for a few days after farrowing?

A

to increase maximum intake of food when optimum milk yields are needed

94
Q

How many times a day should a lactating sow be fed?

A

3

95
Q

If body condition is lost during pregnancy, when should this be regained?

A

in the middle stage of pregnancy

96
Q

Why should BCS lost during pregnancy not be regained during early pregnancy?

A

because this reduces conception rates

97
Q

What condition is caused by excessive weight loss in lactating sows?

A

thin sow syndrome

98
Q

What are five aspects of thin sow syndrome becoming increasingly bad?

A 
delayed weaning to mating interval
reduced ovulation rates
overfeeding and overconditioning during pregnancy
reduced appetite at farrowing 
excessive weight loss during lactation
99
Q

What are the three main causes of thin sow syndrome?

A

feeding too much in pregnancy
feeding too little during lactation
bullying

100
Q

What is the easiest way to detect thin sow syndrome?

A

decubital ulcers on prominences

101
Q

What pig system is thin sow syndrome a bigger problem?

A

outdoor systems

102
Q

Over how many days should protein be increased in the diet of piglets?

A

10 days

103
Q

How much should sows be fed by the end of lactation?

A

fed to appetite

104
Q

What temperature should be sows be kept at while lactating?

A

16-18 degrees

105
Q

What is the main problem with boars being over body conditioned?

A

they lose libido

106
Q

How old are pigs sent to slaughter?

A

15-21 weeks

107
Q

At what age are piglets weaned?

A

4 weeks?

108
Q

Can antibiotics be used in the UK to increase piglet growth?

A

no

109
Q

Why have zinc oxide and copper sulfate use in piglets to increase digestion efficiency been banned?

A

because they were contaminating the environment

110
Q

How much should weaner pigs be fed?

A

fed to appetite

111
Q

Why does weaner feed need to be highly digestible?

A

because the immature digestive systems of piglets lack enzymes to digest starch

112
Q

What does weaner feed need to be high in?

A

protein

energy

113
Q

Why are sweeteners added to weaner feed?

A

to improve intake

114
Q

What does follow-on creep feed lack which starter creep feed has?

A

whey powder

skimmed milk powder

115
Q

How can the digestibility of weaner feed be increased?

A

cooking

116
Q

What can poorly digestible food cause in weaner piglets?

A

scours

117
Q

What is the term for the amount of food needed to produce a 1kg increase in body weight?

A

food conversion efficiency

118
Q

What are five general factors affecting the growth of grower/finisher pigs?

A 
nutrition
environment
genetics
sex
health
119
Q

What is the term used to describe the concept where a factor not being optimal means that genetic potential is not acheived?

A

Rain Barrel Concept

120
Q

Why is energy and protein content of food reduced between grower and finisher pigs?

A

because otherwise the finisher pigs would get too fat

121
Q

What are the two possible forms of finisher feed?

A

dry

wet

122
Q

What are the two possible forms of dry finisher feed?

A

pellets

meal

123
Q

How does pelleting food decrease FCE value?

A

less food wasted

124
Q

Is pellets or meal more expensive?

A

pellets

125
Q

What digestive problems can feeding pellets cause?

A

colitis

126
Q

What problem is associated with meal feed and why?

A

respiratory disease, creates dust

127
Q

Does liquid feed have high or low digestibility?

A

high

128
Q

What two categories of waste is it illegal to feed to pigs in the UK?

A

catering waste

animal by-products

129
Q

Does cooking oil count as catering waste?

A

yes

130
Q

In what two ways is liquid diets increasing acidity useful?

A

kills harmful bacteria

enhances phosphorous availability

131
Q

How much space should a <25kg pig be given to feed?

A

15cm

132
Q

How much space should a 25-75 kg pig be given to feed?

A

25cm

133
Q

How much space should a >75kg pig be given to feed?

A

30cm

134
Q

What are three ways pigs can be presented with food?

A

on the floor
in hoppers
in troughs

135
Q

How many pigs should be able to feed at once if pigs are fed from troughs?

A

all pigs

136
Q

Why is water flow rates important?

A

because pigs only spend 10 minutes a day drinking

137
Q

What are two problems caused by dehydration in pigs?

A

poor FCE

increased disease susceptibility

138
Q

What is the biggest environmental problem with pig farming?

A

production of greenhouse gases

139
Q

What stage of production is worst for the environment?

A

finishing herd

140
Q

What is the best way to reduce the environmental impact of pig farming?

A

improving the feed conversion efficiency

141
Q

What type of feed is the most environmentally friendly because of its good FCE?

A

liquid food

IAM (10 decks)

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