Lecture 20-22 Flashcards
What legal document is ownership of a horse listed on?
passport
Is a horse legally required to be microchipped?
yes
Who is allowed to enter a property without invitation?
police
Which two people can issue an improvement notice?
police
local authority
What makes up most of a wild horses diet?
forage
What is the usual grass content of a horses diet?
80%
For how many hours a day are horses outside on average in the UK in summer?
13-16hrs
For how many hours a day are horses outside on average in the UK in winter?
9-12hrs
Is isolation more stressful in older or younger animals?
younger
What two precautions can be taken to reduce worm burdens in horses?
skipping out fields
low stocking density
Does a horse need to lie down in a stable?
yes
What are the four most commonly seen stereotypic behaviours seen in horses?
crib biting
weaving
door banging
box walking
What stereotypic behaviour is seen particularly in stallions?
self mutilation
What feed has been associated with crib biting?
high concentrate
What is a sign on a horse of crib biting?
worn down incisors
What pathology has crib biting been associated with?
gastric ulcers
What neurotransmitter has crib biting been shown to release?
dopamine
What device has been used to try stop crib biting?
crib collars
What is the best way to reduce crib biting?
enrichment
Which horses should not be given mirrors to reduce crib biting?
stallions
What condition is an obese horse more likely to get?
laminitis
What should the DMI of an overweight horse be in dry hay and balancer?
1.5% BW
What problem can arise from using ear twitches?
makes the animal head shy
Which people have the highest risk of work related injuries in the UK?
equine horses
What are option for chemical restraint of horses?
ACP
alpha-2 gel in the mouth
What kind of training can aid with needle phobic horses?
clicker training
What is an indicator of eye pain in a horse?
blepharospasm
What is an indicator of dental pain in horses?
increased masseter muscle tension
Why do horses need to be able to lower their heads?
to reduce muco-ciliary build up in their trachea
What are three problems horses which travel long distances are at increased risk of?
respiratory disease
myopathy
colic
Do horses able to balance better if they travel forwards or backwards?
backwards
What are the three ways horses can be trained to accept a frightening stimulus?
habituation
desensitisation
counter-conditioning
What does habituation involve?
exposing horses to a full stimulus
What does counter-conditioning involve?
training to associate a frightening stimulus with a positive experience
What does desentitisation involve?
gradual introduction of a stimulus
What is an example of desensitisation?
gradually increasing clipper noise volume around horses
What is the name for hyperflexion of a horses neck during dressage?
rollkur
Does the FEI allow rollkur?
no (not really sure)
What spacing should there be between a noseband and nose?
two finger space
When is it acceptable to use physiotherapy or acupuncturists for horses?
Once the vet has made a diagnosis
What are the conditions for ‘humane destruction’ of a horse to meet insurance criteria?
‘incurable or excessive pain’
What are the two ways horses can be put down?
injection
free bullet
In what situation can potassium chloride be used to put a horse down?
when the horse is under GA
Do domestic or wild horses have a longer life-span?
domestic horses
Do wild horses eat tree bark?
yes
How will wild horses access trace minerals?
eating soil
Is mastication more efficient in horses or ruminants?
horses
What proportion of hay is <1mm in length by the time it reaches the stomach?
2/3
How many chews/kg of long hay is needed?
3000-35000
How many chews/kg of concentrates is needed?
800-1200
What is the stomach capacity of a horse?
5-15l
Do concentrates or roughage pass through the stomach quicker?
concentrates
In what 2 places does enzymatic digestion of food carbohydrates, fats and protein take place?
duodenum
jejunum
What are the 2 sites of fermentation?
caecum
colon
What are VFA used for in a horse?
energy
What two things can VFA be converted to in a horse?
glucose
fat
How many meals per day will horses naturally eat?
10
What are 3 behaviours seem associated with boredom and motivation to feed outside meal time?
wood chewing
coprophagy
eating bedding
What behaviour is often seen as a precursor to crib biting?
wood chewing
What food has been associated with ‘fizzy horses’?
oats
What are two benefits to feeding horses which require high energy on oil and fibre rather than concentrates?
increases satiety
reduces acid load
What three problems are using hay nets linked with?
injury
dental disease
respiratory disease
What laboratory test is most useful in a horse to assess feeding program?
protein-albumin
What is 6 situations when protein albumin could be low in a horse?
inflammation liver disease protein losing enteropathy protein losing nephropathy parasitism blood loss
What percentage of body weight should horses receive in forage each day?
1.5-2%
What percentage of body weight should horses receive in food each day?
2-3%
What three parts of a horse should be focused on during palpation for BCS?
neck
ribs
hindquarters
What two things should body condition scoring be carried out in conjunction with?
crest scoring
body weight
What is the range of values in the Carter et al crest scoring system?
0-5
What is the equation for calculating body weight?
BW= (girth cm)2 * length cm/11800
When does energy of diet need to be increased during pregnancy?
last 90 days
By how much does maintenance energy have to be increased for months 9, 10 and 11 of pregnancy?
- 11
- 13
- 2
What is maintenance energy?
33.3kcal/kg
What is the maintenance energy of a lactating horse?
792kcal/kg
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a high work horse?
1.9
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a pleasure horse?
1.2
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a performance horse?
1.4
In what two foods is protein usually found?
forage
concentrates
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a growing horse?
14-16%
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a mature? horse?
8-10%
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a geriatric horse?
14-16%
What are the two most useful amino acids for building lean muscle?
lysine
leucine
What are two proteins often in supplements but not usually of any benefit?
creatinine
spirulina
For what 2 groups of horses is a diet high in oil good for?
older horses
horses in high levels of work
What food has gastric ulcers been linked to?
starch
What kind of faeces can a diet high in fat cause?
loose faeces
What vitamin needs to be supplemented if the fat content of a diet is increased?
vitamin E
What oil is best for horses?
linseed
What four oils should be avoided?
corn oil
oat oil
wheat oil
soya oil
What two characteristics of oil are not good for horses?
high omega 6
low omega 3
What is the minimum amount of water a sedentary horse requires per day?
5L/100kg
How much water does a lactating mare need per day?
12-14L/day
What does decreased water consumption predispose to?
impaction colic
What three groups of horses need the greatest levels of calcium and phosphorous?
growth
last third of pregnancy
lactation
What is the Ca:P ratio horses need?
1.5:1
For what problem should Ca be decreased?
decreased renal function
What is meant by ‘nutritional wisdom’?
horses will seek out the salt they need
What ion is lost in sweat?
potassium
Does iron need to be supplemented?
no
Is over supplementation of iron toxic?
yes
What are two conditions obese horses are predisposed to?
Equine metabolic syndrome
laminitis
What percentage of BW should an obese horse be given as DMI per day?
1.25%
Why should the DMI not be reduced furhter?
predisposes to hyperlipidaemia
What kind of grazing is advised for horses which need to lose weight?
zero grazing
What drug can help weight loss?
Metformin
What is the most common health problem for geriatric horses?
weight loss
What should a geriatric diet be high in?
crude protein
Why should geriatric horses not be fed legumes?
they are high in calcium
What two vitamins should be supplemented in geriatric horses?
vitamin C vitamin E (if oil added to the diet)
Can horses cope with incisors missing?
yes
What are two foods which can be fed to horses with severe dental disease?
hay pellets
soaked sugar beets
What vitamin should horses with dental disease be supplemented with?
vitamin E
What condition are horses with PPID prone to?
laminitis
What are three signs of PPID?
pot belly
PU/PD
excessive sweating
What drug is used to treat PPID?
pergolide
What is lower in grass in the early morning and at night?
fructans
What increases fructans in the grass which should be avoided?
frost
What are two characteristics of the food horses with PPID should be fed?
low starch
high calorie
Are thin PPID at risk of laminitis?
yes
How should hay and forage be treated in thin PPID horses?
soaked for several hours
What is the main characteristic of EMS?
insulin resistance with insulinaemia
What are two characteristics of the food thin EMS horses should be given?
low starch
high calorie
Which should be two characteristics of the diet of horses with liver disease?
high carbohydrates
low protein
Why do horses with liver disease need higher carbohydrates in their diet?
because the liver has reduced gluconeogenic capacity
What are three carbohydrate rich foods horses with liver disease should be fed on?
molassed beet pulp
corn
wheat bran
Should fats be increased or decreased in liver disease?
decreased
What supplements should be avoided in liver disease?
iron
What are two subtypes of rabdomyolysis disorder?
Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Polysaccharide storage myopathy
What is Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis caused by?
muscle damage caused by sporadic over training
How is Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
muscle biopsy
How should the diet of a horse with Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis be changed (two ways)?
increase fat
decrease starch
How should the diet of a horse with Polysaccharide storage myopathy be changed (two ways)?
high fibre
low starch
Should a horse with Polysaccharide storage myopathy have regular exercies?
yes
What should oestoarthritis mainly be treated with?
intra-articular steroids
What are two common oesteoarthritis neutraceuticals?
glucosamine
chondriotin
What may be helpful in treating oesteoarthritis?
omega 3 PUFA
Are neutraceuticals for osteoarthritis proven to be useful?
no
Do neutraceuticals have to meet legal requirements?
no
What three problems are alterations in microbiota associated with?
colitis
colic
laminitis
Is turmeric scientifically recommended?
no
What is the most useful calmer potentially in horses?
magnesium
What calmer is banned under FEI regulations?
valerian
