Lecture 20-22 Flashcards
1
Q
What legal document is ownership of a horse listed on?
A
passport
2
Q
Is a horse legally required to be microchipped?
A
yes
3
Q
Who is allowed to enter a property without invitation?
A
police
4
Q
Which two people can issue an improvement notice?
A
police
local authority
5
Q
What makes up most of a wild horses diet?
A
forage
6
Q
What is the usual grass content of a horses diet?
A
80%
7
Q
For how many hours a day are horses outside on average in the UK in summer?
A
13-16hrs
8
Q
For how many hours a day are horses outside on average in the UK in winter?
A
9-12hrs
9
Q
Is isolation more stressful in older or younger animals?
A
younger
10
Q
What two precautions can be taken to reduce worm burdens in horses?
A
skipping out fields
low stocking density
11
Q
Does a horse need to lie down in a stable?
A
yes
12
Q
What are the four most commonly seen stereotypic behaviours seen in horses?
A
crib biting
weaving
door banging
box walking
13
Q
What stereotypic behaviour is seen particularly in stallions?
A
self mutilation
14
Q
What feed has been associated with crib biting?
A
high concentrate
15
Q
What is a sign on a horse of crib biting?
A
worn down incisors
16
Q
What pathology has crib biting been associated with?
A
gastric ulcers
17
Q
What neurotransmitter has crib biting been shown to release?
A
dopamine
18
Q
What device has been used to try stop crib biting?
A
crib collars
19
Q
What is the best way to reduce crib biting?
A
enrichment
20
Q
Which horses should not be given mirrors to reduce crib biting?
A
stallions
21
Q
What condition is an obese horse more likely to get?
A
laminitis
22
Q
What should the DMI of an overweight horse be in dry hay and balancer?
A
1.5% BW
23
Q
What problem can arise from using ear twitches?
A
makes the animal head shy
24
Q
Which people have the highest risk of work related injuries in the UK?
A
equine horses
25
What are option for chemical restraint of horses?
ACP
| alpha-2 gel in the mouth
26
What kind of training can aid with needle phobic horses?
clicker training
27
What is an indicator of eye pain in a horse?
blepharospasm
28
What is an indicator of dental pain in horses?
increased masseter muscle tension
29
Why do horses need to be able to lower their heads?
to reduce muco-ciliary build up in their trachea
30
What are three problems horses which travel long distances are at increased risk of?
respiratory disease
myopathy
colic
31
Do horses able to balance better if they travel forwards or backwards?
backwards
32
What are the three ways horses can be trained to accept a frightening stimulus?
habituation
desensitisation
counter-conditioning
33
What does habituation involve?
exposing horses to a full stimulus
34
What does counter-conditioning involve?
training to associate a frightening stimulus with a positive experience
35
What does desentitisation involve?
gradual introduction of a stimulus
36
What is an example of desensitisation?
gradually increasing clipper noise volume around horses
37
What is the name for hyperflexion of a horses neck during dressage?
rollkur
38
Does the FEI allow rollkur?
no (not really sure)
39
What spacing should there be between a noseband and nose?
two finger space
40
When is it acceptable to use physiotherapy or acupuncturists for horses?
Once the vet has made a diagnosis
41
What are the conditions for 'humane destruction' of a horse to meet insurance criteria?
'incurable or excessive pain'
42
What are the two ways horses can be put down?
injection
| free bullet
43
In what situation can potassium chloride be used to put a horse down?
when the horse is under GA
44
Do domestic or wild horses have a longer life-span?
domestic horses
45
Do wild horses eat tree bark?
yes
46
How will wild horses access trace minerals?
eating soil
47
Is mastication more efficient in horses or ruminants?
horses
48
What proportion of hay is <1mm in length by the time it reaches the stomach?
2/3
49
How many chews/kg of long hay is needed?
3000-35000
50
How many chews/kg of concentrates is needed?
800-1200
51
What is the stomach capacity of a horse?
5-15l
52
Do concentrates or roughage pass through the stomach quicker?
concentrates
53
In what 2 places does enzymatic digestion of food carbohydrates, fats and protein take place?
duodenum
| jejunum
54
What are the 2 sites of fermentation?
caecum
| colon
55
What are VFA used for in a horse?
energy
56
What two things can VFA be converted to in a horse?
glucose
| fat
57
How many meals per day will horses naturally eat?
10
58
What are 3 behaviours seem associated with boredom and motivation to feed outside meal time?
wood chewing
coprophagy
eating bedding
59
What behaviour is often seen as a precursor to crib biting?
wood chewing
60
What food has been associated with 'fizzy horses'?
oats
61
What are two benefits to feeding horses which require high energy on oil and fibre rather than concentrates?
increases satiety
| reduces acid load
62
What three problems are using hay nets linked with?
injury
dental disease
respiratory disease
63
What laboratory test is most useful in a horse to assess feeding program?
protein-albumin
64
What is 6 situations when protein albumin could be low in a horse?
```
inflammation
liver disease
protein losing enteropathy
protein losing nephropathy
parasitism
blood loss
```
65
What percentage of body weight should horses receive in forage each day?
1.5-2%
66
What percentage of body weight should horses receive in food each day?
2-3%
67
What three parts of a horse should be focused on during palpation for BCS?
neck
ribs
hindquarters
68
What two things should body condition scoring be carried out in conjunction with?
crest scoring
| body weight
69
What is the range of values in the Carter et al crest scoring system?
0-5
70
What is the equation for calculating body weight?
BW= (girth cm)2 * length cm/11800
71
When does energy of diet need to be increased during pregnancy?
last 90 days
72
By how much does maintenance energy have to be increased for months 9, 10 and 11 of pregnancy?
1. 11
1. 13
1. 2
73
What is maintenance energy?
33.3kcal/kg
74
What is the maintenance energy of a lactating horse?
792kcal/kg
75
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a high work horse?
1.9
76
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a pleasure horse?
1.2
77
By what factor should maintenance energy be increased for a performance horse?
1.4
78
In what two foods is protein usually found?
forage
| concentrates
79
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a growing horse?
14-16%
80
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a mature? horse?
8-10%
81
What percentage of the total ration should protein be in a geriatric horse?
14-16%
82
What are the two most useful amino acids for building lean muscle?
lysine
| leucine
83
What are two proteins often in supplements but not usually of any benefit?
creatinine
| spirulina
84
For what 2 groups of horses is a diet high in oil good for?
older horses
| horses in high levels of work
85
What food has gastric ulcers been linked to?
starch
86
What kind of faeces can a diet high in fat cause?
loose faeces
87
What vitamin needs to be supplemented if the fat content of a diet is increased?
vitamin E
88
What oil is best for horses?
linseed
89
What four oils should be avoided?
corn oil
oat oil
wheat oil
soya oil
90
What two characteristics of oil are not good for horses?
high omega 6
| low omega 3
91
What is the minimum amount of water a sedentary horse requires per day?
5L/100kg
92
How much water does a lactating mare need per day?
12-14L/day
93
What does decreased water consumption predispose to?
impaction colic
94
What three groups of horses need the greatest levels of calcium and phosphorous?
growth
last third of pregnancy
lactation
95
What is the Ca:P ratio horses need?
1.5:1
96
For what problem should Ca be decreased?
decreased renal function
97
What is meant by 'nutritional wisdom'?
horses will seek out the salt they need
98
What ion is lost in sweat?
potassium
99
Does iron need to be supplemented?
no
100
Is over supplementation of iron toxic?
yes
101
What are two conditions obese horses are predisposed to?
Equine metabolic syndrome
| laminitis
102
What percentage of BW should an obese horse be given as DMI per day?
1.25%
103
Why should the DMI not be reduced furhter?
predisposes to hyperlipidaemia
104
What kind of grazing is advised for horses which need to lose weight?
zero grazing
105
What drug can help weight loss?
Metformin
106
What is the most common health problem for geriatric horses?
weight loss
107
What should a geriatric diet be high in?
crude protein
108
Why should geriatric horses not be fed legumes?
they are high in calcium
109
What two vitamins should be supplemented in geriatric horses?
```
vitamin C
vitamin E (if oil added to the diet)
```
110
Can horses cope with incisors missing?
yes
111
What are two foods which can be fed to horses with severe dental disease?
hay pellets
| soaked sugar beets
112
What vitamin should horses with dental disease be supplemented with?
vitamin E
113
What condition are horses with PPID prone to?
laminitis
114
What are three signs of PPID?
pot belly
PU/PD
excessive sweating
115
What drug is used to treat PPID?
pergolide
116
What is lower in grass in the early morning and at night?
fructans
117
What increases fructans in the grass which should be avoided?
frost
118
What are two characteristics of the food horses with PPID should be fed?
low starch
| high calorie
119
Are thin PPID at risk of laminitis?
yes
120
How should hay and forage be treated in thin PPID horses?
soaked for several hours
121
What is the main characteristic of EMS?
insulin resistance with insulinaemia
122
What are two characteristics of the food thin EMS horses should be given?
low starch
| high calorie
123
Which should be two characteristics of the diet of horses with liver disease?
high carbohydrates
| low protein
124
Why do horses with liver disease need higher carbohydrates in their diet?
because the liver has reduced gluconeogenic capacity
125
What are three carbohydrate rich foods horses with liver disease should be fed on?
molassed beet pulp
corn
wheat bran
126
Should fats be increased or decreased in liver disease?
decreased
127
What supplements should be avoided in liver disease?
iron
128
What are two subtypes of rabdomyolysis disorder?
Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
| Polysaccharide storage myopathy
129
What is Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis caused by?
muscle damage caused by sporadic over training
130
How is Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
muscle biopsy
131
How should the diet of a horse with Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis be changed (two ways)?
increase fat
| decrease starch
132
How should the diet of a horse with Polysaccharide storage myopathy be changed (two ways)?
high fibre
| low starch
133
Should a horse with Polysaccharide storage myopathy have regular exercies?
yes
134
What should oestoarthritis mainly be treated with?
intra-articular steroids
135
What are two common oesteoarthritis neutraceuticals?
glucosamine
| chondriotin
136
What may be helpful in treating oesteoarthritis?
omega 3 PUFA
137
Are neutraceuticals for osteoarthritis proven to be useful?
no
138
Do neutraceuticals have to meet legal requirements?
no
139
What three problems are alterations in microbiota associated with?
colitis
colic
laminitis
140
Is turmeric scientifically recommended?
no
141
What is the most useful calmer potentially in horses?
magnesium
142
What calmer is banned under FEI regulations?
valerian
