Lectures 1-5 Flashcards
What are the three components of emotion?
subjective component, behavioural component, neurophysiological component
What is the term to describe the needs of an animal and how they vary between individuals of different species or within the same species but of different age?
telos
What are the four needs of an animal?
nutritional, environmental, health and behavioural needs
What model is used to link the needs of an animal with mental state e.g. positive and negative emotions?
Mellor’s Five Domain Model
What are the four tests which can be used to test an animals needs?
preference test, strength of preference test, aversion test, deprivation test
What 6 types of sampling can be used to create an ethogram to assess an animals needs?
behavioural, point, period, focal, scan, ad lib sampling
What test requires an animal to make a sacrifice to gain access to something when assessing an animals needs?
preference testing
What is the test which tests consumer demand when assessing an animals needs?
operant testing
What is inelastic demand and what is an example?
a demand which is needed at any price e.g. oxygen
What is the test in which the strength of motivation to avoid an aversive situation is measured when assessing an animals needs??
aversive testing
What is the test in which an animal is deprived of a supposed need and the effect of the deprivation on any pathological changes to its physiology or behaviour are noted when assessing an animals needs?
deprivation test
What state is entered when an animal is not able to meet its needs?
stress
What is the definition of ‘coping’?
having control of bodily and mental stability
What is the definition of welfare?
the state of an animal with regard to its ability to cope with its envrionment
What is the term used to describe the process that keeps the organism alive and function ie maintaining homeostasis or maintaining stability through change and promoting adaptation and coping?
allostasis
What are 5 causal factors which affect motivation of an animal?
hormone, oscillators e.g. circadian rhythms, internal factors, external factors, memories
What is a telo-receptor?
receptor which measures at a distance
What is an exterior-ceptor?
receptor associated with skin contact
What is an interio-ceptor
internal receptor
What is a stressor?
a stimulus that exceeds its normal limits in terms of intensity or duration
What does stress stimulate the hypothalamus to produce and which is this effect?
produces CTRF which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce ACTH
What does ACTH do?
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
What is the term describing the high level stress response which has high biological cost, is damaging to the animal and probably sensed by the animal as unpleasant?
distress
What is caused when an aim generated by causal events cannot be achieved?
frustration
In general terms what is measured when assessing welfare?
whether the physiological, ethological (behavioural) and health needs are being met
What causes pale soft exudative meat?
the release of glycogen from meat in pigs caused by stress
What causes dark firm and dry meat?
pigs using up glycogen stores from muscle because of starvation on a journey
What two hormones are associated with general adaptive syndrome?
adrenaline and cortisol
What occurs to the level of cortisol during chronic stress?
levels decline
What 4 events can cause rise in cortisol levels?
novel situation, copulation, oviposition in fouls, stress
What about reproduction can be measured as a physiological measure of welfare?
number of offspring, levels of LH and FSH
Does stress cause hyperthermia or hypothermia?
hyperthermia
What hormones other than adrenaline and cortisol could be measured as a assessment of stress?
oxytocin, ghrelin, vasopressin, beta endorphins
What is critical anthropomorphism?
looking at an animal from their perspective as opposed to our perspective
What are the 6 classifications of abnormal behaviour?
self-directed, environmentally directed, directed at other animals, failure of function, anomalous reactivity, stereotypic behaviour
What are the two categories of self-directed abnormal behaviour?
self-multiation, self licking/plucking
What are the 4 categories of environmentally directed abnormal behaviour?
interacting with solid objects, eating litter, coprophagia, geophagia (soil eating)
What do animals see other animals as in abnormal behaviour directed at other animals?
objects, sexual objects, mothers, rivals
What functions can fail in the failure of function classification of abnormal behaviour?
sexual function, parental behaviours
What are 2 examples of anomalous reactivity which can occur in abnormal behaviour?
prolonged inactivity, hyper-reactivity and hysteria
What drug can block some stereotypic behaviour?
naxolone
What are the two ways of assessing the effects of husbandry/production systems on welfare?
outcome based measures, resource based measures
What are resource based measures of welfare based around?
the Farm Animal Welfare Committees 5 freedoms
What concept relates to assessing the welfare of an animal at different time points in its life?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
What would a vet involved in the State Veterinary service be involved in?
meat inspection and welfare of animals at transport and slaughter
Which 4 acts may vets be involved in enforcing?
Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animal Regulation)
Zoo Licensing Act 1981
Animal Welfare Act 2006
What are the three types of law?
Statute law, Common law, civil law
Who passes Statute law?
Parliament- it is an ‘Act of Parliament’
Who makes Common law?
Judges
What is an example of primary legislation regarding Statute Law?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
What is secondary legislation regarding Statute Law?
the ‘sections’ of the Act
What is an example of secondary legislation regarding Statute Law?
Welfare of Farm Animal Regulations 2007
What are the two criminal laws?
Statute and Common Law
What two acts about theft, trespass and criminal damage applies to animals?
Theft Act 1986
Criminal Damage Act 1971
What are two examples of cultural practices which are allowed by the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997?
fox hunting, force feeding ducks to develop fatty livers
Who is legally allowed to treat fish?
anyone
Are animal fetuses protected by the Animal Welfare Act?
no
Which Act protects domesticated vertebrates?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
Which Act protects research animals?
Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
Which 2 main Acts protect wild vertebrates?
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
Mammals Protection Act 1996
What Act covers pet fish?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
What Act covers animals under the control of man on a temporary basis?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
Which four categories of animals are not covered by the Animal Welfare Act?
Wild animals in the free state
foetuses
Research animals
wild fish
What are the three reasons people can be prosecuted with regards to the Animal Welfare Act?
Commission, Omission, Vicarious liability
What is the definition of Commission?
conducting an illegal action under an act
What is the definition of Omission?
causing suffering by failing to do something
What is vicarious liability?
failing to take reasonable steps to ensure that someone else does not commit an offence against an animal for which they are responsible
What does the Animal Welfare Act 2006 protect against?
unnecessary suffering, poor welfare
What does section 18 of the Animal Welfare Act 2006 allow?
steps can be taken to alleviate immediate suffering of an animal
What does a vet have to certify in relation to section 18 of the Animal Welfare Act 2006?
That euthanasia is required or inspectors must to take possession of the animal to alleviate animal suffering
What are two examples of where animals needs are not being met but this is allowed?
broiler chickens, race horses
Are the ‘Codes of Practice’ in the different devolved areas of the UK the same?
No
Who is allowed to issue an improvement notice?
Animal Welfare Act inspector
What three things must an improvement notice state?
What needs are not being met
what must be done
when this must be done by
Who is able to prosecute under the Animal Welfare Act?
Anyone e.g. the RSPCA
Which 2 organisations can appoint AWA inspectors?
National Authority
Local Authority
Along with local and nationally appointed AWA inspectors, who else has powers under the AWA legislation?
Police Constables
What is a mutilation?
interfering with a sensitive tissue or bone structure other than for the purpose of its medical treatment
What are two regulations surrounding mutilation?
The Mutilations (Permitter Procedures) England Regulations 2007 The Docking of Working Dogs Tails England Regulations 2007
Is accidental poisoning an offence according to the AWA 2006?
no
Which Act covers mutilations, poisoning and fighting?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
What are 4 secondary legislation produced from the Animal Welfare Act 2006?
Welfare at Time of Killing Regulations 2015
Microchipping of dogs Regulations 2015
Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations 2007
Welfare of Animals Transported Order 2006
What legislation relates to licensing of business activities involving animals
Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals) England Regulations 2018
Who issues the Codes of Practice under the AW(LIAA) 2018?
DEFRA
Are vets involved in providing licenses businesses involving animals?
yes
What are the three classifications of animal research?
regulated
non-regulated
clinical
What Act regulates regulated procedures?
Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
What does ‘regulated’ procedures involve concerning research?
causing pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to an animal
Which Act regulates ‘non-regulated’ procedures with regards to research?
Animal Welfare Act 2006
Which organisation oversees the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986?
the Home Office
Which Act covers clinical research?
Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
What must clinical research prove?
that it will have a benefit to the animal or its immediate group
What does an owner have to give before research on an animal can go ahead?
informed consent
What are the 4 aspects of informed consent?
information, competence, voluntary participation, respecting the right to withhold consent
What is a protected vertebrate?
any living vertebrate (except man) and octopuses
At was stage of gestation do animals become protected by the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1966?
2/3 of the way through gestation
What cannot be tested on protected animals in the UK?
cosmetics
tobacco and alcohol
offensive weapons
Which animals are not allowed to be experimented on in the UK?
Great Apes
Where does the A(SP)A 1966 require that research is carried out?
On a licensed premises
Who has to be on the premises which animal research is being carried out?
a licence holder
What is the role of a vet in research under the A(SP)A 1966?
to report back to the Home Office inspector
Who can perform visits to the research establishment unannounced?
the Home Office Inspectors (who are mostly vets)
What does the Project Licence show?
how research is going to be carried out
What information does a personal license include?
what species the research is being carried out on
For which animals must there be a second review when getting a Project Licence?
dogs
cats
horses
Who must establishments carrying out regulated procedures employ?
a named veterinary surgeon
What do the ‘3R’ relate to when considering animal research?
replacement
reduction
refinement
What do the A(SP)A 1966 ‘Codes of Practice’ stipulate about research animal environments?
minimum enclosure dimensions
temperature
humidity
If a factor specified in the A(SP)A codes of practice is the factor being research, where must approve be sort?
project license
What must lab rats have access to?
nesting material and enrichment
Where are lab rabbits not allowed to be housed?
in cages
What kind of procedure is breeding from genetically altered animals considered as?
regulated procedure
