Lecture 13-15 Flashcards
1
Q
What does metabolisable energy requirements in all animals vary with?
A
body surface area
2
Q
What is the MER equation for dogs?
A
110 W^0.75 kcal/day
3
Q
What is the MER equation for cats?
A
70-90 W kcal/day
4
Q
Do larger or smaller dogs require less energy per kg of dog?
A
larger
5
Q
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for growing dogs and cats?
A
2-3*MER
6
Q
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for lactating dogs and cats?
A
4*MER
7
Q
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for pregnant dogs and cats?
A
1.1-1.6*MER
8
Q
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for hard working dogs?
A
2-4*MER
9
Q
What 5 deficiencies are common with homemade vegetarian dog diets?
A
zinc protein calcium vitamin D vitamin B12
10
Q
How do cats obtain glucose?
A
post-prandial gluconeogenesis from protein
11
Q
What percentage of a dogs diet should be protein?
A
18%
12
Q
What percentage of a cats diet should be protein?
A
20-30%
13
Q
Why do cats need a constant source of protein?
A
because they have nitrogen catabolising enzymes which cannot be downregulated
14
Q
What happens to a cat which does not have enought dietary protein?
A
It will become skinny because body protein will be broken down
15
Q
What three things do cats have an increased requirement for in their diet compared with dogs or man?
A
arginine
sulfur containing amino acids
nicotinic acid
16
Q
What cycle is arginine important in?
A
urea cycle
17
Q
What is caused if arginine is depleted in cats?
A
hyperammonaemia
18
Q
What are two examples of sulfur containing amino acids?
A
methionine
cysteine
19
Q
Why might cats need increased sulfur containing amino acids?
A
because of the frequent turnover of hair
20
Q
What three things do cats have an absolute requirement for in their diet?
A
taurine
arachidonic acid
pre-formed vitamin A
21
Q
What 4 problems can be caused by taurine deficiency in cats?
A
poor reproductive performance
poor kitten growth
retinal degeneration
dilated cardiomyopathy
22
Q
Why do cats have a high dietary requirement for taurine?
A
Reduced ability to synthesise taurine from cysteine
Conjugation of bile acids solely with taurine
23
Q
In most mammals, what two things can bile acids be conjugated with?
A
glycine
taurine
24
Q
What two things is canned cat food higher in compared with dried food?
A
fibre
fat
25
Is more taurine required for canned or dried cat food?
canned
26
What protein source supplies taurine?
animal tissues
27
What are two cat foods which are deficient/very low in taurine?
cows milk
| boiled chicken if the water is not kept
28
Why can cats not be fed on dog food?
because they are taurine deficient because dogs have no taurine requirement
29
How do dogs access arachidonic acid?
linoleic acid is converted to arachidonic acid
30
Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?
because they have reduced activity of the two enzymes converting linolenic acid to arachidonic acid
31
How do dogs access vitamin A?
they made it from dietary beta-carotenes in the intestinal mucosa
32
Why do cats need vitamin A in their diet?
They cannot convert beta carotenes to vitamin A in their intestinal mucosa
33
What two foods can give cats vitamin A toxicitiy?
liver
| excessive cod liver oil
34
What does hypervitaminosis A cause in cats?
calcification of the cartilage between the ventral part of neck vertebrae
35
By how much is a cats dietary requirement for nicotinic acid greater than than of dogs?
4 times
36
What can nicotinic acid be made from?
tryptophan
37
Why cats not supply as much nicotinic acid needs by conversion of tryptophan?
because there is increased activity of the picolinic carboxylase enzyme in the liver which converts tryptophan to glutamate
38
What nutrient can cats not tolerate a lot of in their diet?
carbohydrates
39
What two enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates have less activity in the liver in cats than dogs?
glucokinase
| pancreatic amylase
40
What can feeding a dog before exercise predispose to?
gastric dilatation and volvulus
41
What is the main aim when considering how much to feed a dog or cat?
Feed to maintain a stable body weight
42
What two problems can feeding cats cold food cause?
pylorospasm
| vomiting
43
How many meals a day will a cat naturally eat?
8-16
44
What information are food companies legally not allowed to put on animal feed packets?
energy content
45
To work out the energy content of 100g of dog feed (in kcal), what do you multiply the:
protein content
fat content
carbohydrate content by?
3. 5
8. 5
3. 5
46
Does dried or wet food have a higher energy density?
dried
47
When should the energy intake of a pregnant bitch be increased?
last trimester
48
By how much should the energy intake be increased in a pregnant bitch per week?
15%
49
When should the energy intake be increased for a pregnant queen?
throughout pregnancy
50
When does most of fetal growth take place in a pregnant queen?
in the last trimester
51
Why do queens need to increase body fat during pregnancy?
to offset the reduced energy intake for the first few days after parturition
52
Are there any diets specific for pregnant bitches or queens?
no
53
What do puppy or kitten diets contain which means they can be fed to pregnant queens or bitches?
DHA= docosahexanoic acid
54
What is DHA useful for developing?
fetal nervous system
55
How long does it take after birth for a puppies weight to double?
7-10 days
56
But the time a puppy has increased its birthweight by 6-10 times, how old is it?
6 weeks
57
How much food should a cat be fed when lactating?
ad lib
58
Can cows milk be fed to orphaned puppy/kittens?
it is not advisable
59
As well as feeding orphaned kittens/pups several times a day what should also be done?
stimulate the uro-genital region to stimulate defaecation and urination
60
What two disease do puppies sometimes get if they do not get enough of the mothers colostrum?
salmonellosis
| E. coli
61
Can a puppy be fed on kitten milk?
yes
62
For how many hours after birth should puppies/kittens be given colostrum?
12 hours
63
After how man hours does antibody transfer stop in puppies/kittens?
16 hours
64
What is a problem with feeding puppies bottled milk?
predisposes them to excessive weight gain
65
Roughly how much does a kitten weigh at birth?
100g
66
At what age should some solid food be introduced to puppies and kittens?
3 weeks
67
At what age should kittens and puppies be fully weaned?
6-8 weeks
68
How many meals a day should puppies be given after weaning?
4
69
What 3 nutrients are needed in more than twice the quantity as adults in puppies and kittens?
calcium
phosphorous
protein
70
Can puppies and kittens be fed on an adult diet?
no
71
What two conditions can too much calcium or energy predispose giant dog breeds to?
hip dysplasia
| OCD
72
By what age have most dog breeds reached 50% adult weight?
6 months
73
After reaching 50% of body weight, how many meals a day should puppies be given?
2
74
What percentage of adult body weight have kittens acquired by 6 months of age?
75%
75
What can a diet too low in calcium cause for puppies?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
76
In what general breeds does the Ca:P ratio need to be more tightly controlled?
large breeds
77
Is excessive or limited Ca in puppies more commonly seen?
excessive
78
Why is excessive intake of Ca a problem in puppies?
Ca intake cannot be controlled so 40% of dietary Ca is always absorbed passively
79
What is a major problem of homemade diets for puppies?
they do not contain enough Ca
80
Why should you not carbohydrate load a greyhound before a race?
this could lead to worse lactic acidosis in the muscles
81
What should a racing greyhounds diet largely consist of?
carbohydrates
82
What should a racing husky's diet largely consist of?
high fat
83
Is the resting metabolism for a husky higher or lower than for normal dogs?
lower
84
What four things does stress increase in working dogs?
energy expenditure
the need for protein
the need for vitamin C
the need for vitamin D
85
Is feeding an old dog a specialised old dog diet always appropriate?
no
86
If body weight of old dogs does not change, how does the body body fat increase?
there is a loss of lean body mass
87
What is the maintenance energy of an old dog?
90W^0.75 kcal/day
88
What nutrient do you need to make sure a senior diet contains?
protein
89
How does an old cats weight change?
it usually loses weight
90
Should an old cats energy intake decrease?
no
91
What are the three ways to calculate nutrient requirements of a food?
nutrient tables
chemical analysis
animal feeding trials
92
What are the two reasons for animal feeding trials being the best way of calculating nutrient requirements?
takes digestibility of the food into acount
| takes food interactions into account
93
What substance reduces zinc availability in the brain?
phytate
94
The need for what nutrient increases in cats on a high protein diet?
potassium
95
What are the three recognised feeding trials for manufactured food?
maintenance protocol
growth protocol
all stage protocol
96
What three substances is meat generally low in?
vitamin A
vitamin D
calcium
97
What two meat products are high in vitamin A and D?
liver
| kidney
98
What are the two categories of fish?
fatty fish
| white fish
99
What two vitamins are fatty fish high in?
A
| D
100
What substance is fish generally high in?
iodine
101
What two things needed to be destroyed by cooking fish?
parasites
| thiaminase
102
What are two diseases which can be caused by feeding cats on raw fish?
Chastek's paralysis
| Pansteatitis
103
How can raw fish diets cause pansteatis?
because of being vitamin E deficient
104
Why should eggs be cooked if used as a source of protein?
eggs contain avidin which makes biotin unavailable - cooking destroys this
105
What two things eggs low in?
iron
| vitamin D
106
Can dogs be fed on wheat and corn?
yes
107
What nutrient is in leafy vegetables which can be given to dogs?
fibre
108
What two vegetables can particularly be given to dogs for hypoallergenic diets?
cooked potatoes
| soya bean
109
What two substances are very often deficient in homemade cat diets?
taurine
| vitamin A
110
Do pet foods have to be balanced?
yes
111
Do all foods have to be tested by feeding trials?
no
112
Do pet foods have to be fit for human consumption?
yes
113
What are the two types of pet food available?
complete and balanced
| complementary
114
What is the moisture percentage of moist food?
72-85%
115
What two nutrients are moist foods high in?
animal protein
| fat
116
What is the moisture content of semi-moist food?
15-30%
117
What health problem are semi-moist foods often a cause of?
obesity
118
What is the moisture content of dry food?
5-12%
119
How is the palatability of dried food increased?
surface applied 'digest'
120
Is dried or canned food cheaper?
dried
121
Is dried or canned food more digestible?
canned
122
What substance is reduced in dried food if stored badly?
essential fatty acids
123
What are the 4 price categories of pet food?
economy
standard
premium
super premium
124
What do more expensive cat and dog foods contain more and less of than cheaper foods?
more meat
| less cereal
125
What two things regulate Pet Food Lables?
EC directives
| Feeding Stuffs Regulations 1995
126
What are the two main parts of an animal food label?
Principal Display Panel
| Statutory Statement
127
What three pieces of information must be on the Principle Display panel?
brand name
product name
species
128
If a food says 'with beef' what is the minimum about of beef it can contain?
4%
129
What 5 things does the Statutory Statement include?
```
ingredient statement
typical analysis
product description
directions for use
additives and certain vitamins and minerals
```
130
Is the moisture of a food is over what percentage must it be stated?
14%
131
What 4 things must the product description include?
species
life stage
whether it is complementary or complete
additional food needed
132
What 3 additive must be stated if used?
preservatives
antioxidants
colours
133
What 4 non food related pieces of information should be put on the food packet?
best before date
batch number
net weight
name and address of company responsible for the product
134
When calculating energy content of a pet food, do you need to calculate dry matter?
no
135
What are the two categories of raw meat diets?
commercial
| home-prepared
136
What is the term which describes a diet where all ingredients and components of ingredients other than the vitamins or minerals of a natural pet food must not be chemically synthesised?
natural diet
137
Is there evidence that the any benefits of raw food diets out-weigh the risks of them?
no
138
What is the average life span of a wolf?
6 years
139
Do wolves eat rumen contents?
no
140
Who can advise on the content of a home-made diet?
veterinary nutritionalist
141
What is the most common problem associated with an unbalanced home-made raw meat diet?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
142
What organ can cause hyperthyroidism if fed to dogs and what can this cause in the dog?
thyroid glands, anoestrus
143
Are commercial raw food diets balanced?
yes
144
Are there commercial raw food clinical diets?
no
145
What tolerance will commercial raw food diets have for diseases such as campylobacter?
zero tolerance
146
What 4 diseases which dogs can acquire from raw foods are of public health concern?
Salmonella
Toxoplasma gondii
Echinococcus
Cambylobacter
147
What animal product is high in Salmonella?
cow feet treats
148
What are three health problems associated with feeding dogs bones?
oesophageal perforation
gastrointestinal obstruction
cracking pre-molar teeth
149
What about raw food diets make them not suitable for dogs with pancreatitis?
they are high in fat often
150
What about raw food diets make them not suitable for dogs with chronic renal failure?
they are high in phosphate and this should be restricted in dogs with chronic renal failure
