Lecture 13-15 Flashcards
What does metabolisable energy requirements in all animals vary with?
body surface area
What is the MER equation for dogs?
110 W^0.75 kcal/day
What is the MER equation for cats?
70-90 W kcal/day
Do larger or smaller dogs require less energy per kg of dog?
larger
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for growing dogs and cats?
2-3*MER
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for lactating dogs and cats?
4*MER
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for pregnant dogs and cats?
1.1-1.6*MER
What is the energy requirement as a function of the MER for hard working dogs?
2-4*MER
What 5 deficiencies are common with homemade vegetarian dog diets?
zinc protein calcium vitamin D vitamin B12
How do cats obtain glucose?
post-prandial gluconeogenesis from protein
What percentage of a dogs diet should be protein?
18%
What percentage of a cats diet should be protein?
20-30%
Why do cats need a constant source of protein?
because they have nitrogen catabolising enzymes which cannot be downregulated
What happens to a cat which does not have enought dietary protein?
It will become skinny because body protein will be broken down
What three things do cats have an increased requirement for in their diet compared with dogs or man?
arginine
sulfur containing amino acids
nicotinic acid
What cycle is arginine important in?
urea cycle
What is caused if arginine is depleted in cats?
hyperammonaemia
What are two examples of sulfur containing amino acids?
methionine
cysteine
Why might cats need increased sulfur containing amino acids?
because of the frequent turnover of hair
What three things do cats have an absolute requirement for in their diet?
taurine
arachidonic acid
pre-formed vitamin A
What 4 problems can be caused by taurine deficiency in cats?
poor reproductive performance
poor kitten growth
retinal degeneration
dilated cardiomyopathy
Why do cats have a high dietary requirement for taurine?
Reduced ability to synthesise taurine from cysteine
Conjugation of bile acids solely with taurine
In most mammals, what two things can bile acids be conjugated with?
glycine
taurine
What two things is canned cat food higher in compared with dried food?
fibre
fat
Is more taurine required for canned or dried cat food?
canned
What protein source supplies taurine?
animal tissues
What are two cat foods which are deficient/very low in taurine?
cows milk
boiled chicken if the water is not kept
Why can cats not be fed on dog food?
because they are taurine deficient because dogs have no taurine requirement
How do dogs access arachidonic acid?
linoleic acid is converted to arachidonic acid
Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?
because they have reduced activity of the two enzymes converting linolenic acid to arachidonic acid
How do dogs access vitamin A?
they made it from dietary beta-carotenes in the intestinal mucosa
Why do cats need vitamin A in their diet?
They cannot convert beta carotenes to vitamin A in their intestinal mucosa
What two foods can give cats vitamin A toxicitiy?
liver
excessive cod liver oil
What does hypervitaminosis A cause in cats?
calcification of the cartilage between the ventral part of neck vertebrae
By how much is a cats dietary requirement for nicotinic acid greater than than of dogs?
4 times
What can nicotinic acid be made from?
tryptophan
Why cats not supply as much nicotinic acid needs by conversion of tryptophan?
because there is increased activity of the picolinic carboxylase enzyme in the liver which converts tryptophan to glutamate
What nutrient can cats not tolerate a lot of in their diet?
carbohydrates
What two enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates have less activity in the liver in cats than dogs?
glucokinase
pancreatic amylase
What can feeding a dog before exercise predispose to?
gastric dilatation and volvulus
What is the main aim when considering how much to feed a dog or cat?
Feed to maintain a stable body weight
What two problems can feeding cats cold food cause?
pylorospasm
vomiting
How many meals a day will a cat naturally eat?
8-16
What information are food companies legally not allowed to put on animal feed packets?
energy content
To work out the energy content of 100g of dog feed (in kcal), what do you multiply the:
protein content
fat content
carbohydrate content by?
- 5
- 5
- 5
Does dried or wet food have a higher energy density?
dried
When should the energy intake of a pregnant bitch be increased?
last trimester
By how much should the energy intake be increased in a pregnant bitch per week?
15%
When should the energy intake be increased for a pregnant queen?
throughout pregnancy
When does most of fetal growth take place in a pregnant queen?
in the last trimester
Why do queens need to increase body fat during pregnancy?
to offset the reduced energy intake for the first few days after parturition
Are there any diets specific for pregnant bitches or queens?
no
What do puppy or kitten diets contain which means they can be fed to pregnant queens or bitches?
DHA= docosahexanoic acid
What is DHA useful for developing?
fetal nervous system
How long does it take after birth for a puppies weight to double?
7-10 days
But the time a puppy has increased its birthweight by 6-10 times, how old is it?
6 weeks
How much food should a cat be fed when lactating?
ad lib
Can cows milk be fed to orphaned puppy/kittens?
it is not advisable
As well as feeding orphaned kittens/pups several times a day what should also be done?
stimulate the uro-genital region to stimulate defaecation and urination
What two disease do puppies sometimes get if they do not get enough of the mothers colostrum?
salmonellosis
E. coli
Can a puppy be fed on kitten milk?
yes
For how many hours after birth should puppies/kittens be given colostrum?
12 hours
After how man hours does antibody transfer stop in puppies/kittens?
16 hours
What is a problem with feeding puppies bottled milk?
predisposes them to excessive weight gain
Roughly how much does a kitten weigh at birth?
100g
At what age should some solid food be introduced to puppies and kittens?
3 weeks
At what age should kittens and puppies be fully weaned?
6-8 weeks
How many meals a day should puppies be given after weaning?
4
What 3 nutrients are needed in more than twice the quantity as adults in puppies and kittens?
calcium
phosphorous
protein
Can puppies and kittens be fed on an adult diet?
no
What two conditions can too much calcium or energy predispose giant dog breeds to?
hip dysplasia
OCD
By what age have most dog breeds reached 50% adult weight?
6 months
After reaching 50% of body weight, how many meals a day should puppies be given?
2
What percentage of adult body weight have kittens acquired by 6 months of age?
75%
What can a diet too low in calcium cause for puppies?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
In what general breeds does the Ca:P ratio need to be more tightly controlled?
large breeds
Is excessive or limited Ca in puppies more commonly seen?
excessive
Why is excessive intake of Ca a problem in puppies?
Ca intake cannot be controlled so 40% of dietary Ca is always absorbed passively
What is a major problem of homemade diets for puppies?
they do not contain enough Ca
Why should you not carbohydrate load a greyhound before a race?
this could lead to worse lactic acidosis in the muscles
What should a racing greyhounds diet largely consist of?
carbohydrates
What should a racing husky’s diet largely consist of?
high fat
Is the resting metabolism for a husky higher or lower than for normal dogs?
lower
What four things does stress increase in working dogs?
energy expenditure
the need for protein
the need for vitamin C
the need for vitamin D
Is feeding an old dog a specialised old dog diet always appropriate?
no
If body weight of old dogs does not change, how does the body body fat increase?
there is a loss of lean body mass
What is the maintenance energy of an old dog?
90W^0.75 kcal/day
What nutrient do you need to make sure a senior diet contains?
protein
How does an old cats weight change?
it usually loses weight
Should an old cats energy intake decrease?
no
What are the three ways to calculate nutrient requirements of a food?
nutrient tables
chemical analysis
animal feeding trials
What are the two reasons for animal feeding trials being the best way of calculating nutrient requirements?
takes digestibility of the food into acount
takes food interactions into account
What substance reduces zinc availability in the brain?
phytate
The need for what nutrient increases in cats on a high protein diet?
potassium
What are the three recognised feeding trials for manufactured food?
maintenance protocol
growth protocol
all stage protocol
What three substances is meat generally low in?
vitamin A
vitamin D
calcium
What two meat products are high in vitamin A and D?
liver
kidney
What are the two categories of fish?
fatty fish
white fish
What two vitamins are fatty fish high in?
A
D
What substance is fish generally high in?
iodine
What two things needed to be destroyed by cooking fish?
parasites
thiaminase
What are two diseases which can be caused by feeding cats on raw fish?
Chastek’s paralysis
Pansteatitis
How can raw fish diets cause pansteatis?
because of being vitamin E deficient
Why should eggs be cooked if used as a source of protein?
eggs contain avidin which makes biotin unavailable - cooking destroys this
What two things eggs low in?
iron
vitamin D
Can dogs be fed on wheat and corn?
yes
What nutrient is in leafy vegetables which can be given to dogs?
fibre
What two vegetables can particularly be given to dogs for hypoallergenic diets?
cooked potatoes
soya bean
What two substances are very often deficient in homemade cat diets?
taurine
vitamin A
Do pet foods have to be balanced?
yes
Do all foods have to be tested by feeding trials?
no
Do pet foods have to be fit for human consumption?
yes
What are the two types of pet food available?
complete and balanced
complementary
What is the moisture percentage of moist food?
72-85%
What two nutrients are moist foods high in?
animal protein
fat
What is the moisture content of semi-moist food?
15-30%
What health problem are semi-moist foods often a cause of?
obesity
What is the moisture content of dry food?
5-12%
How is the palatability of dried food increased?
surface applied ‘digest’
Is dried or canned food cheaper?
dried
Is dried or canned food more digestible?
canned
What substance is reduced in dried food if stored badly?
essential fatty acids
What are the 4 price categories of pet food?
economy
standard
premium
super premium
What do more expensive cat and dog foods contain more and less of than cheaper foods?
more meat
less cereal
What two things regulate Pet Food Lables?
EC directives
Feeding Stuffs Regulations 1995
What are the two main parts of an animal food label?
Principal Display Panel
Statutory Statement
What three pieces of information must be on the Principle Display panel?
brand name
product name
species
If a food says ‘with beef’ what is the minimum about of beef it can contain?
4%
What 5 things does the Statutory Statement include?
ingredient statement typical analysis product description directions for use additives and certain vitamins and minerals
Is the moisture of a food is over what percentage must it be stated?
14%
What 4 things must the product description include?
species
life stage
whether it is complementary or complete
additional food needed
What 3 additive must be stated if used?
preservatives
antioxidants
colours
What 4 non food related pieces of information should be put on the food packet?
best before date
batch number
net weight
name and address of company responsible for the product
When calculating energy content of a pet food, do you need to calculate dry matter?
no
What are the two categories of raw meat diets?
commercial
home-prepared
What is the term which describes a diet where all ingredients and components of ingredients other than the vitamins or minerals of a natural pet food must not be chemically synthesised?
natural diet
Is there evidence that the any benefits of raw food diets out-weigh the risks of them?
no
What is the average life span of a wolf?
6 years
Do wolves eat rumen contents?
no
Who can advise on the content of a home-made diet?
veterinary nutritionalist
What is the most common problem associated with an unbalanced home-made raw meat diet?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
What organ can cause hyperthyroidism if fed to dogs and what can this cause in the dog?
thyroid glands, anoestrus
Are commercial raw food diets balanced?
yes
Are there commercial raw food clinical diets?
no
What tolerance will commercial raw food diets have for diseases such as campylobacter?
zero tolerance
What 4 diseases which dogs can acquire from raw foods are of public health concern?
Salmonella
Toxoplasma gondii
Echinococcus
Cambylobacter
What animal product is high in Salmonella?
cow feet treats
What are three health problems associated with feeding dogs bones?
oesophageal perforation
gastrointestinal obstruction
cracking pre-molar teeth
What about raw food diets make them not suitable for dogs with pancreatitis?
they are high in fat often
What about raw food diets make them not suitable for dogs with chronic renal failure?
they are high in phosphate and this should be restricted in dogs with chronic renal failure
