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Cell Physiology > Lectures 8-9 > Flashcards

Lectures 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are herbicides?

A

agents that kill plants

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2
Q

What are pesticides?

A

agents that kill pests

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3
Q

What is paraquat?

A

very potent herbicide thought to kill a lot of dopaminergic neurons

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4
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

nerves that are in the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What does bungarotoxin bind to?

A

nicotinic Ach receptors

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6
Q

What does tetrodotoxin bind to?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels

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7
Q

What does botulinum toxin target?

A

release at the neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

what do venoms bind to?

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

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9
Q

How does botulinum toxin affect neurotransmitter release?

A

attacks SNARE proteins = prevents the release of vesicles and doesn’t let it fuse with the presynaptic membrane

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10
Q

What are the 4 things that the autonomic neuronal system control?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

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11
Q

What 3 parts of the brain initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?

A

hypothalamus, pons, and medulla

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12
Q

What is antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

A

the pull and push of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches where one is increasing and the other decreases, vice versa

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

A

to create and maintain homeostasis

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14
Q

What are ganglia?

A

groups of neuronal cell bodies

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15
Q

What neurotransmitter does the pre-ganglionic neuron release in the autonomic nervous system?

A

always acetylcholine (Ach)

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?

A

epinephrine and or norepinephrine

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18
Q

Which receptor would make the connection go faster: ligand-gated or G-protein coupled receptor and why?

A

ligand-gated = faster because opens channels | G-protein coupled = slower due to cascade signaling

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19
Q

What is an example of a movement powered by the G-protein Coupled Receptor?

A

relaxation/constriction of pupil

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors? What type of receptor is each of these receptors?

A

nicotinic = ligand-gated | muscarinic = G-protein coupled receptor

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21
Q

What are the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic branches in terms of connectivity?

A

location of the ganglion and the neurotransmitter released by the post-ganglionic cell

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22
Q

How do adrenergic receptors differ?

A

based on the organs its located

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23
Q

What inhibits adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta blocker-drugs

24
Q

What do G-protein Coupled Receptors do?

A

triggers 2nd messenger systems inside the cell

25
Q

What are phospholipase C and cAMP?

A

second messenger molecules

26
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

modified sympathetic post-ganglionic “neurons” (it’s really just cells) found inside the adrenal medulla

27
Q

What is the sympathetic chain? Where is it found?

A

sympathetic ganglions found on the sympathetic trunk along the spine (not inside it)

28
Q

What do chromaffin cells do?

A

release epinephrine into circulation

29
Q

Which one is efferent: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?

A

ventral horn

30
Q

Which one is sensory: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?

A

dorsal root ganglion

31
Q

What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

HAT = hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus

32
Q

Which part of the limbic system is associated with the heart rate going up during a stressful situation (sympathetic)?

A

amygdala

33
Q

When is the pre-ganglionic axon long and when is it short?

A

long = parasympathetic | short = sympathetic (except to adrenal medulla)

34
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

A

sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

35
Q

What is/are neuro-potent activator if adrenergic receptors?

A

epinephrine and or adrenaline

36
Q

What are inactivation enzymes?

A

similar to transporters, responsible for breaking down ACh or Epinephrine/NE where other types of transporters can take back up those products

37
Q

What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

38
Q

What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine?

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

39
Q

Where is the first place that epinephrine goes to once it is released from the adrenal medulla?

A

the heart = to increase heart rate

40
Q

What is the difference between a somatic response and an autonomic response?

A

somatic = moves muscles | autonomic = affect bodily functions like heart rate and respiration

41
Q

What are varicosities?

A

bulge-like autonomic synapses containing vesicles with neurotransmitters and mitochondria

42
Q

Which muscle type is wrapped in varicosities?

A

smooth muscles

43
Q

Are smooth muscle cells all act as one unit or individual units?

A

individual

44
Q

How can smooth muscle cells be activated as one unit?

A

need multiple synapses = what varicosities will provide

45
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

movement of smooth muscle canals by having the information trickle down from one area to the next

46
Q

What is the function of endocannabinoids?

A

to slow down activity of the pre-synaptic cell

47
Q

What is a spinal reflex? What is an example of one?

A

initiates a response without input from the brain | knee jerk

48
Q

What is an example of an autonomic reflex? In what part of the brain does this take place in? What kind of reflex are these?

A

when BP goes down | brainstem | polysynaptic

49
Q

What are the 2 classifications of reflexes?

A

monosynaptic | polysynaptic

50
Q

What are monosynaptic reflexes?

A

only one synapse between the stimulus and response | 1 connection, 2 neurons

51
Q

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

A

multiple neurons, multiple connections = bigger process

52
Q

What is a learned reflex and what kind of reflex is it?

A

when a general stimulus is associated to multiple responses | ie: Pavlov’s dog and salivation | complex reflex

53
Q

What type of reflex are skeletal reflexes?

A

monosynaptic or polysynaptic (depends)

54
Q

What is an important reflex used for diagnosing patients with muscle or neurological disorders?

A

Babinski reflex

55
Q

What response is normal and abnormal in the Babinksi reflex?

A

normal = toes curl down | abnormal = toes curl up (fanning)

56
Q

What is an abnormal response from the Babinksi reflex suggest?

A

upper motor neuron dysfunction (neurons could be dying)

57
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons located?

A

CNS in the primary motor area

Cell Physiology (13 decks)

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