Lectures 8-9 Flashcards
What are herbicides?
agents that kill plants
What are pesticides?
agents that kill pests
What is paraquat?
very potent herbicide thought to kill a lot of dopaminergic neurons
What is peripheral neuropathy?
nerves that are in the peripheral nervous system
What does bungarotoxin bind to?
nicotinic Ach receptors
What does tetrodotoxin bind to?
voltage-gated sodium channels
What does botulinum toxin target?
release at the neuromuscular junction
what do venoms bind to?
voltage-gated calcium channels
How does botulinum toxin affect neurotransmitter release?
attacks SNARE proteins = prevents the release of vesicles and doesn’t let it fuse with the presynaptic membrane
What are the 4 things that the autonomic neuronal system control?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
What 3 parts of the brain initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?
hypothalamus, pons, and medulla
What is antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?
the pull and push of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches where one is increasing and the other decreases, vice versa
What is the purpose of the antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?
to create and maintain homeostasis
What are ganglia?
groups of neuronal cell bodies
What neurotransmitter does the pre-ganglionic neuron release in the autonomic nervous system?
always acetylcholine (Ach)
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?
acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?
epinephrine and or norepinephrine
Which receptor would make the connection go faster: ligand-gated or G-protein coupled receptor and why?
ligand-gated = faster because opens channels | G-protein coupled = slower due to cascade signaling
What is an example of a movement powered by the G-protein Coupled Receptor?
relaxation/constriction of pupil
What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors? What type of receptor is each of these receptors?
nicotinic = ligand-gated | muscarinic = G-protein coupled receptor
What are the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic branches in terms of connectivity?
location of the ganglion and the neurotransmitter released by the post-ganglionic cell
How do adrenergic receptors differ?
based on the organs its located
What inhibits adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta blocker-drugs
What do G-protein Coupled Receptors do?
triggers 2nd messenger systems inside the cell
What are phospholipase C and cAMP?
second messenger molecules
What are chromaffin cells?
modified sympathetic post-ganglionic “neurons” (it’s really just cells) found inside the adrenal medulla
What is the sympathetic chain? Where is it found?
sympathetic ganglions found on the sympathetic trunk along the spine (not inside it)
What do chromaffin cells do?
release epinephrine into circulation
Which one is efferent: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?
ventral horn
Which one is sensory: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?
dorsal root ganglion
What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?
HAT = hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Which part of the limbic system is associated with the heart rate going up during a stressful situation (sympathetic)?
amygdala
When is the pre-ganglionic axon long and when is it short?
long = parasympathetic | short = sympathetic (except to adrenal medulla)
Where are adrenergic receptors located?
sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons
What is/are neuro-potent activator if adrenergic receptors?
epinephrine and or adrenaline
What are inactivation enzymes?
similar to transporters, responsible for breaking down ACh or Epinephrine/NE where other types of transporters can take back up those products
What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine?
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Where is the first place that epinephrine goes to once it is released from the adrenal medulla?
the heart = to increase heart rate
What is the difference between a somatic response and an autonomic response?
somatic = moves muscles | autonomic = affect bodily functions like heart rate and respiration
What are varicosities?
bulge-like autonomic synapses containing vesicles with neurotransmitters and mitochondria
Which muscle type is wrapped in varicosities?
smooth muscles
Are smooth muscle cells all act as one unit or individual units?
individual
How can smooth muscle cells be activated as one unit?
need multiple synapses = what varicosities will provide
What is peristalsis?
movement of smooth muscle canals by having the information trickle down from one area to the next
What is the function of endocannabinoids?
to slow down activity of the pre-synaptic cell
What is a spinal reflex? What is an example of one?
initiates a response without input from the brain | knee jerk
What is an example of an autonomic reflex? In what part of the brain does this take place in? What kind of reflex are these?
when BP goes down | brainstem | polysynaptic
What are the 2 classifications of reflexes?
monosynaptic | polysynaptic
What are monosynaptic reflexes?
only one synapse between the stimulus and response | 1 connection, 2 neurons
What are polysynaptic reflexes?
multiple neurons, multiple connections = bigger process
What is a learned reflex and what kind of reflex is it?
when a general stimulus is associated to multiple responses | ie: Pavlov’s dog and salivation | complex reflex
What type of reflex are skeletal reflexes?
monosynaptic or polysynaptic (depends)
What is an important reflex used for diagnosing patients with muscle or neurological disorders?
Babinski reflex
What response is normal and abnormal in the Babinksi reflex?
normal = toes curl down | abnormal = toes curl up (fanning)
What is an abnormal response from the Babinksi reflex suggest?
upper motor neuron dysfunction (neurons could be dying)
Where are the upper motor neurons located?
CNS in the primary motor area
