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Cell Physiology > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of pain?

A

fast pain | slow pain | referred pain | phantom pain

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2
Q

What is the characteristic of fast pain?

A

sharp and localized

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3
Q

What is the characteristic of slow pain?

A

dull and diffused

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4
Q

What is referred pain?

A

one area causes pain perception in other areas | pain in a body part is telling you that some other body part is in pain

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5
Q

What is phantom pain?

A

pain sensed from missing body parts | common in amputees

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6
Q

What is the gate control model of pain?

A

C-fiber and inhibitory neuron | noxious stimulus inhibits inhibitory neuron for the stimulus to go to CNS

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7
Q

What role does the A-beta fiber play in the gate control model of pain during a noxious stimulus?

A

activates the inhibitory neuron so that the noxious stimulus decreases = alleviates the pain

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8
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

receptors that respond to pain stimulus

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9
Q

What is a noxious stimulus?

A

pain stimulus

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10
Q

What is the iris?

A

muscle that will close or open up the pupil

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11
Q

What is the pupil?

A

just an opening = aperture | reacts to light

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12
Q

What is the sclera?

A

white part of the eye | connective tissue allowing the liquid in the eye to be enclosed within its pressure chamber

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13
Q

What are the lacrimal glands?

A

secrete tears

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14
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

drains tears into nasal cavity

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15
Q

What is the cornea?

A

thin layer of epithelial tissue right in front of the eye | sensitive with nerve endings

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16
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

thin watery liquid

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17
Q

What is the lens?

A

made up transparent tissue of which light can go through it

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18
Q

What is the retina?

A

neural part of the eye | can correct refractive errors of the refracted light info

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19
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

convergence point of the retina where light info is carried to the brain

20
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

gelatinous liquid within the eye

21
Q

What is the foveal pit?

A

pit in retina = site of high resolution vision/image in color bc high concentration of cones | aligned with central axis of the eye | no bipolar or ganglion cells

22
Q

What is the peripheral retina?

A

low resolution and detects small amount of light | used for night vision

23
Q

What is the electromagentic spectrum and do all species have the same range?

A

visible light = what mammalian retina recognizes | each species have slight different ranges (700nm-400nm)

24
Q

Why is the retina red?

A

due to the pigment in the pigment epithelium

25
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

where the optic nerve of both eyes converges and info splits from one side of the brain to the other

26
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

A

in the thalamus = where visual info goes thru before going into visual cortex

27
Q

What contributes to the refractive error?

A

anything that the path of light passes through

28
Q

What becomes the optic nerve?

A

axon bundles of ganglion cells

29
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

30
Q

What are rod photoreceptors?

A

grey detectors (monochromic vision)

31
Q

What are cone photoreceptors?

A

color detectors

32
Q

What are the horizontal and amacrine cells?

A

sending lateral info

33
Q

What are the bipolar cells?

A

has 2 poles = acting as the connection between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells

34
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

process of light energy is converted into electrical energy

35
Q

What structures in the retina are responsible for phototransduction?

A

photoreceptors

36
Q

What is the macula?

A

center of the visual field in the retina

37
Q

Which part of the retina can judge between day and night and why?

A

ganglion cells = has light sensitivity

38
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

pigment in photoreceptors | first found in rods | retinal + opsin = rhodopsin

39
Q

What is a fundus?

A

image of the retina

40
Q

What are the 3 basic types of cones?

A

blue | green | red

41
Q

What are blue cones?

A

has blue pigment | detect violet to yellow light

42
Q

What are green cones?

A

has green pigment | detect blue to orange light

43
Q

What are red cones?

A

has red pigment | detect red to green light

44
Q

What do the discs in photoreceptors contain?

A

rhodopsin molecules with retinal inside it

45
Q

When are photoreceptors most active?

A

when it is dark

46
Q

What is the signal for neurotransmitter release? Light or dark?

A

darkeness

47
Q

What happens when light bleaches rhodopsin?

A

retinal moves out of rhodopsin = opsin (bleached pigment) = takes time to recuperate

Cell Physiology (13 decks)

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