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Cell Physiology > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hearing?

A

sound waves converted to electrical energy in hair cells

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2
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

detection of body position using the semicircular canals

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3
Q

What is the pinna?

A

collects and directs sound waves into the ear

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4
Q

How small is the ear canal?

A

very small

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5
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

eardrum

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6
Q

What are the 3 tiny bones right after the tympanic membrane that passes the vibrations to the vestibular apparatus?

A

incus | stapes | malleus

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7
Q

Which section of the ear (inner, outer, middle) is fluid filled?

A

inner

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8
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the inner ear that translates the vibrations from the sound into info for the CNS?

A

vestibular apparatus | cochlea

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9
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus do with the vibrations it receives from the 3 tiny bones?

A

translates the air vibrations into fluid-filled vibrations = send signal to different parts of the cochlea

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10
Q

What does the cochlea do with the vibrations it receives from the vestibular apparatus?

A

has tiny hair cells each can detect a different frequency of sound

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11
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

intricate device that can detect different wavelengths of sound

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12
Q

What are the nerves that the cochlea sends the sound info to?

A

auditory nerves

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13
Q

What is the sound info coded as?

A

neurotransmitter release

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14
Q

What are semicircular canals and which section of the ear are they located?

A

bones help detect position | positioned in the X, Y, Z axis | found in the inner ear

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15
Q

How many Hz can ears detect?

A

20,000

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16
Q

How can the auditory cortex distinguish the different frequency sound waves?

A

hair cells active at basal/baseline level = auditory cortex compares the incoming signal from the basal activity

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17
Q

Where in the cochlea are the hair cells located?

A

cochlear duct

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18
Q

What is the tympanic duct?

A

where the sound leaves through the round window

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19
Q

Where are hair cells that detect higher frequencies located along the cochlear duct?

A

closer to the ear opening

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20
Q

What happens when a sound wave triggers a hair cell?

A

hair cells move in one direction &raquo_space;> ion channels open &raquo_space;> depolarization of hair cell &raquo_space;> NT release

21
Q

What does the semicircular canals tell us?

A

orientation of the head in space

22
Q

What are otolith crystals?

A

attached to the membrane | goes where gravitational pull is the highest = signals CNS where the head is going

23
Q

What are otolith organs?

A

have otolith crystals | macula

24
Q

What are the 2 otolith organs?

A

utricle | saccule

25
Q

What is vertigo?

A

when the otolith crystals are dislodged &raquo_space;> causing confusion in the CNS not knowing where your head in space is

26
Q

What are cristae?

A

responsible for acceleration movement | at openings of semicircular canals | has hair cells

27
Q

What are the 2 branches of Cranial Nerve VIII?

A

vestibular branch and cochlear branch

28
Q

What type of receptors are smell and taste?

A

chemoreceptors

29
Q

What are the 2 oldest senses in organisms?

A

smell and taste

30
Q

What is the olfactory bulb?

A

extension of the forebrain

31
Q

What are the olfactory sensory neurons?

A

primary sensory neurons of the olfactory system

32
Q

What is the only special sense that does not need to pass through the thalamus?

A

olfactory = goes directly to the olfactory cortex (in front of brain)

33
Q

How are different and new smells and flavors encoded to the CNS?

A

different combos of different molecules = can trigger different combos of neurons &raquo_space;> send the info together to get combo of different inputs

34
Q

What is Cranial Nerve I?

A

the bundle of olfactory nerve axons

35
Q

How can taste and smell trigger associated memories?

A

these senses are not memorized but can be recognized and associated with a memory

36
Q

Where are the odorant receptors located?

A

at the olfactory cilia (dendrites)

37
Q

What is the function of the Bowman’s gland?

A

secrete mucus to protect the nerve endings so the cilia can stay moist

38
Q

What are the 3 things that the olfactory neurons connect to?

A

olfactory bulb | cilia | mucus gland

39
Q

What is gustation?

A

sense of taste

40
Q

What are the 5 types of taste?

A

sweet | sour | salty | bitter | umami

41
Q

What is umami?

A

taste for amino acids

42
Q

What activates the gustatory neurons?

A

chemical signals from taste receptors

43
Q

What cranial nerves do the gustatory neurons become?

A

7, 9, 10

44
Q

Which taste receptors are ion channels?

A

sour and salty

45
Q

Which taste receptors are G-coupled receptors?

A

sweet | umami | bitter

46
Q

How can neighboring taste receptors trigger each other?

A

ATP can act as NTs = activate primary sensory neurons or activate neighboring cell types to release more NTs

47
Q

What is taste transduction?

A

each taste cell senses only one type of ligand

48
Q

What are transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors?

A

taste receptor activated based on temperature (ie: mint and cold water)

49
Q

What are the 4 non-traditional taste sensations?

A

fat | CO2 | calcium | capsaicin

Cell Physiology (13 decks)

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