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Cell Physiology > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is CRH?

A

corticotropin-releasing horomone

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2
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

related to minerals (ie: Na and K) | minimize waste as much as possible

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3
Q

What induces the hypothalamus to release CRH?

A

stress and circadian rhythm

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4
Q

What is POMC?

A

precursor of ACTH in the anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What is hypercortisolism?

A

excess cortisol | Cushing’s syndrome

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6
Q

What are the 3 causes of hypercortisolism?

A

adrenal tumor (high cortisol) | pituitary tumor (high ACTH) | over-prescribed by doctor

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7
Q

What is Moon Face caused by?

A

pituitary tumor = high ACTH = high cortisol = red cheeks

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8
Q

How are stretch marks caused?

A

high cortisol = deposit fats in trunk , protein breakdown under skin causes stretch marks

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9
Q

What is the cause of gigantism?

A

excess growth hormone

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10
Q

What is a sign of excess growth hormone?

A

growth of jaw

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11
Q

What are the 2 effects of growth hormones?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell SIZE

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell NUMBERS

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14
Q

What are the 4 things bone and soft tissue growth need?

A

growth hormone | insulin-like growth factor (insulin) | calcium | thyroid hormone

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15
Q

What type of hormone is the growth hormone, tropic or trophic?

A

trophic

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16
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate within bones?

A

site of bone growth | area in long bone | gives height

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17
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

forms cartilage

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18
Q

What adds length to the bones?

A

dividing chondrocytes

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19
Q

What cells does the growth hormone act on?

A

osteoblasts

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20
Q

What are osteoblasts? What are its 2 functions?

A

bone-building cells | lays down bone on top of cartilage | makes Ca++ phosphate crystals to replace cartilage

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21
Q

How do the hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work opposite to one another?

A

PTH = take Ca++ out of bone to increase plasma Ca++ levels | calcitonin = takes Ca++ from plasma and puts into bones

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22
Q

Which cells are responsible for bone resorption? What is bone resorption?

A

osteoclasts | breakdown of bone and release minerals into plasma/blood

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23
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

too much Ca++ pulled out of bone | can be due to increase in parathyroid hormone levels and overactivity of osteoclasts | calcitonin is not being effective

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24
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete?

A

acid and enzymes that dissolve calcium phosphate in bone

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25
Q

Is growth hormone catabolic or anabolic?

A

anabolic

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26
Q

What is GHRH?

A

growth-hormone releasing hormone

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27
Q

What 4 factors affect the release of GHRH or somatostatin from the hypothalamus?

A

circadian rhythm | cortisol | fasting | stress

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28
Q

Which hormone affects cartilage growth?

A

insulin-like growth factor

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29
Q

What is needed to ensure calcium balance is maintained?

A

dietary intake equals Ca++ loss in urine/feces

30
Q

What is Calcitriol?

A

vitamin D3 = used to treat calcium deficiency

31
Q

What does calcitriol vitamin D3 allow?

A

allows absorption of Ca++ into ECF and the body

32
Q

What controls calcitriol vitamin D3?

A

parathyroid hormone and prolactin

33
Q

Where is prolactin synthesized?

A

anterior pituitary

34
Q

In regards to the kidneys, how do the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect the absorption of Ca++?

A

PTH = kidney reabsorbs Ca++ | calcitonin = kindey secretes Ca++

35
Q

What are the 3 hormones that control calcium balance?

A

calcitonin | calcitriol vitamin D3 | parathyroid hormone

36
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

enough growth hormone but not enough thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

37
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

under stomach

38
Q

What are the 2 components of the pancreas?

A

98% = exocrine tissue | 2% = endocrine tisse

39
Q

What is the endocrine tissue in the pancreas called?

A

Islet of Langerhans

40
Q

What are the 3 types of cells within the Islet of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells | beta cells | D-cells

41
Q

What do the alpha cells in the Islet of Langerhans secrete?

A

glucagon

42
Q

What do the D-cells in the Islet of Langerhans secrete?

A

somatostatin (GHIH)

43
Q

What do beta cells in the Islet of Langerhans secrete?

A

insulin

44
Q

What molecules do the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete? Where are these secreted into and through what?

A

digestive molecules and bicarbonate into the intestine through ducts

45
Q

What is bicarbonate? What is it’s purpose in the digestive system?

A

neutralizes acid and buffers pH of the stomach so intestine can pick up the necessary molecules

46
Q

The stomach is such an acidic environment, how is the stomach tissue not damaged by the acidic contents?

A

stomach inner lining has a layer of bicarbonate

47
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

synthesis of something that will be excreted from the body

48
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

synthesis of something that will be released into the body

49
Q

What is the purpose of the vascularization of the Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon can be directly released into bloodstream after synthesis

50
Q

Where do exocrine cells release their synthesized products into?

A

pancreatic duct into small intestine

51
Q

Which hormone (insulin or glucagon) does the fed state have a high level of?

A

fed state = high level of insulin

52
Q

What are the 4 effects of the fed state?

A

high glucose oxidation = make energy | increase synthesis of : glycogen - proteins - fats (will be stored)

53
Q

Which hormone (insulin or glucagon) does the fasted state have a high level of?

A

fasted state = high level of glucagon

54
Q

What are the 3 effects of the fasted state?

A

break down glycogen | make glucose from fat and proteins | ketogenesis

55
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

a lot of protein but no glucose = breakdown protein to make glucose out of it = produces ketones

56
Q

What is needed for glucose to be absorbed into intestine?

A

insulin

57
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor for parasympathetic output?

A

acetylcholine and AChR

58
Q

What triggers the alpha cells of the pancreas?

A

when glucose levels go down

59
Q

What is the characteristic of Type I diabetes?

A

pancreas not functioning = can’t make insulin

60
Q

What is the treatment plan for people with Type I diabetes?

A

insulin injection = allows glucose transport to be active

61
Q

What is the characteristic of Type II diabetes?

A

insulin receptor defect = not recognize insulin

62
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

excess plasma glucose levels

63
Q

What are the 4 factors that cause diabetes?

A

sedentary lifestyle | excess food | obesity | genetics (most common)

64
Q

What are 2 signs associated with diabetes?

A

sweet urine smell | always thirsty

65
Q

What are abnormal levels of plasma glucose (mg/dL)

A

130 prior meal | rises up to 400 post-meal

66
Q

What are the 3 nutrients in which its levels are increased after a meal?

A

fats | glucose | proteins

67
Q

What are the 4 effects in people with Type I diabetes after a meal is absorbed?

A

tissue loss | hyperglycemia | metabolic acidosis | low blood volume and blood pressure

68
Q

What is hyperglycemia in Type I diabetes and what does it lead to?

A

accumulation of sugar in the blood | leads to increase in osmolarity

69
Q

What is metabolic acidosis in type I diabetes?

A

body tries to break down tissue to make glucose | increase ventilation

70
Q

What happens in Type I diabetes that can lead to coma or death?

A

circulatory failure due to low blood pressure and blood volume

Cell Physiology (13 decks)

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