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Cell Physiology > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers secreted into blood by specialized epithelial cells affecting distant target tissues

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2
Q

What are 5 functions that hormones are responsible for?

A

metabolism | regulation of internal functions | reproduction | growth | development

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3
Q

What are the classic endocrine tissues called?

A

glands

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4
Q

What are the 3 things that hormones control?

A

rates of enzymatic reactions | transport ions/molecules across cell membranes | gene expression

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5
Q

What does the history of hormones tell us?

A

lack of iodine can cause changes in body

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6
Q

What organ removal is known to change animal behavior?

A

testes as it contains many hormones

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7
Q

What is organotherapy?

A

direct injection of hormones

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8
Q

What are pheromones?

A

ecto-hormones = secreted to the outside environment

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9
Q

Where are neurohormones released from?

A

neurons

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10
Q

Where are cytokines released from?

A

immune cells

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11
Q

How much hormone is needed in order to induce a physiological effect?

A

very low concentrations

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12
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

hypothalamic regulating hormones (factors) | releases other hormones

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13
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

lipid-derived molecules

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14
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

under the thalamus | regulates hormone levels

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15
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

under hypothalamus = communicates with hypothalamus constantly

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16
Q

What does the thalamus act as?

A

gateway between the brain and body

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17
Q

What must hormones bind to in order to elicit a physiological response?

A

hormone receptors

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways in which hormone action is terminated?

A

limit secretion | degradation (removal/inactivation) | terminate activity in target cells

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19
Q

Which part, anterior or posterior, of the pituitary is a true endocrine gland?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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20
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

neuronal tissue

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21
Q

What other organs that don’t have the word “gland” are true endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus | pancreas | adrenal on kidneys | testes | ovaries

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22
Q

What is a requirement for classic endocrine organs/glands to have?

A

epithelial structure

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23
Q

What is the thymus gland involved in?

A

self-defense

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24
Q

What is the main effect of the atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

increase sodium excretion from water

25
Q

How are peptide hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

A

exocytosis | short

26
Q

How are steroid hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

A

simple diffusion | long

27
Q

What are 2 types of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines | thyroid hormones

28
Q

How are catecholamines released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

A

exocytosis | short

29
Q

How are thyroid hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

A

transport proteins | long

30
Q

What are preprohormones?

A

hormone with a signal sequence and peptide fragments attached to it

31
Q

What do the peptide fragments and signal sequence prevent the hormone from doing?

A

prevents hormone from being activated before getting into the circulation | these need to be cleaved for the hormone to be activated

32
Q

What is the function of the signal sequence on the preprohormone molecule?

A

guides and directs preprohormone to the ER lumen

33
Q

What are 2 ways hormones can initiate a signaling cascade within a cell?

A

hormone+receptor activates GPCR | hormone+receptor = activates tyrosine kinase

34
Q

How is cAMP made?

A

adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP

35
Q

What is the precursor of steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

36
Q

What is cholesterol immediately converted into in the making of most steroid hormones?

A

DHEA

37
Q

Since steroid hormones are lipophilic, how are they transported throughout the circulation?

A

binds to plasma protein carrier

38
Q

What is the differences between the simple endocrine reflex and multiple pathways of endocrine reflex?

A

multiple pathway endocrine reflex = more than one stimulus = one result | simple endocrine reflex = one stimulus = one result

39
Q

What does the stomach have that tell the brain the animal has ate a meal?

A

stomach has stretch receptors

40
Q

What are the 3 types of signaling molecules?

A

neurotransmitters (local/paracrine) | hormones (distant target, not local) | pheromones (excreted to influence other animals)

41
Q

What are 3 pheromones reviewed in lecture?

A

CO2 | lactic acid | light

42
Q

How can the Anophaeles gambiae mosquito find us if they cannot see/sense well?

A

pheromones | we excrete CO2 (exhaling) and lactic acid (in sweat)

43
Q

What is CRISPR used for?

A

modifying specific gene sequence

44
Q

What are the 2 most important endocrine glands in the body?

A

pituitary | hypothalamus

45
Q

What are the 2 neurohormones the posterior pituitary stores and releases? Where are these made?

A

oxytocin | vasopressin | made in hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the hormone oxytocin? What organ is it active on/effects?

A

involved in childbirth and lactation, start out as preprohormone | on gonads

47
Q

What is the hormone vasopressin? What organ is it active on/effects?

A

ADH = antidiuretic hormone = prevents body from losing a lot of water, start as preprohormone | on kidneys

48
Q

What are the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary makes?

A

prolactin (PRL) | thyrotropin (TSH) | adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) | growth hormone (GH) | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | luteinizing hormone (LH)

49
Q

What dictates the secretion of the hormones made in the anterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

What is the growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)?

A

somatostatin

51
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) affect?

A

controls milk production

52
Q

What does the growth hormone (GH) affect?

A

affects metabolism in many tissues

53
Q

What do FSH and LH affect?

A

affects ovaries and testes

54
Q

What does the TH affect?

A

thyroid gland

55
Q

What does ACTH affect?

A

adrenal gland

56
Q

What hormone inhibits the prolactin hormone?

A

dopamine (PIH)

57
Q

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary pathway, what is the short-loop feedback to and from?

A

from pituitary to hypothalamus

58
Q

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary pathway, what is the long-loop feedback to and from?

A

hormone released by target organ all the up to the pituitary or hypothalamus

Cell Physiology (13 decks)

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