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Comparative Anatomy > Lectures 5-7 > Flashcards

Lectures 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Microlecithal egg:

A

SMall amt. yolk

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2
Q

Mesolecithal egg:

A

Moderate amt. yolk

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3
Q

Macrolecithal egg:

A

Large amt. yolk

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4
Q

Isolecithal egg:

A

yolk evenly distributed throughout egg.

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5
Q

Telolecithal egg:

A

Yolk is concentrated at one end of the egg

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6
Q

Why micro/meso/macrolecithal eggs?

A

micro: Depend on external source of nutrients…mammals
Meso: enough energy for tadpole and to metamorphosis
Macro: enough yolk to provide adult-like form

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7
Q

Developmental steps for frog embryo

A

1: passes through animal-vegetal axis- 2 daughters
2: passes through animal-vegetal axis perpendicular to first cut-4 daughters
3: perpendicular to the 1st 2 cuts- 8 cells [unequal-macro/micromeres]
4: cuts continue to 32-64 cells
5: cells separate from internal cavity [blastocoel]-animal pole side
6: after blastulation, gatrulation begins: layerings form rearranged hollow ball
7: neurulation: formation of neural tube-CNS

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8
Q

How does neurulation compare in frog to vertebrate?

A

Looks similar: pretty much the same

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9
Q

Vegetal pole

A

Side of egg w/ concentrated yolk

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10
Q

Animal pole

A

OPPO end of egg w/o yolk

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11
Q

Meroblastic or discoidal cleavage

A

not cleaving through a ball of yolk like frog—birds have macrolecithal eggs there is only room for blastodisc cleavage.

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12
Q

Discoidal cleavage Avians:

A

1: furrow in cytoplasm of disc @ animal pole
2: 1st cleavage plane is not into yolk.
3: 2nd cleavage is perpendicular to the 1st.-4 equal sized blastomeres
4: 3rd cleavage lie parallel on either side of 1st–8 blastomeres.
5: 4th cleavage-circular furrow forms periphery of the 1st 3 -16 blastomeres.
6: yolk creates subgerminal space
7: 16-32 stage cleavage parallel blastodisc-multiple layers of blastomeres.
8: several hundred cell-stage=blastoderm
9: 2 cell layers[upper/lower] Separate making cavity in middle DELAMINIATION
10: could be considered blastocoel or gastrocoel

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13
Q

Mammalian developmental steps:

A

1: 1st cleavage is holoblastic.
2: first several cleavages similar to amphibian egg [equal and perpendicular to each other]
3: after 4th cleavage, it becomes unequal
4: after 4.5 days, 8 larger inner cells and 99 outer cells

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14
Q

Inner cells=

A

Inner cell mass

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15
Q

Outer cells=

A

Trophoblast layer

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16
Q

Trophoblast:

A

Trophoblast attaches to the lining of the uterus and forms 2 tissues:
1-cytotrophoblast: chorion
2-Syncytiotrophoblast: erodes into the uterus

BECOMES the PLACENTA

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17
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Becomes the embryo proper: amnion, yolk sac, and allantoic stalk

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18
Q

Advantages to development in aquatic environment:

A

CO2 and O2 readily diffuses, readily excrete nitrogenous wastes, dessication is reduced risk.

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19
Q

disadvantages to development in terrestrial environment:

A
  • Difficult to keep membrane moist
  • can’t dilute ammonia waste product
  • nutrition may not be readily available in terrestrial.
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20
Q

Four extra embryonic membranes:

A

Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
Allantois

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21
Q

Chorion

A

Involved in the formation of the placenta

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22
Q

Amnion

A

Creates fluid-filled environment for protecting embryo from dessication

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23
Q

Yolk sac

A

Preliminary site for the formation of blood cells and germ cells

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24
Q

Allantois

A

Forms the umbilical cord connecting embryo to placenta

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25
Functions of the vertebrate integument:
``` Protection Coloration Sensory reception Excretion Gas exchange Water regulation Temperature regulation Food storage Nourishment Locomotion ```
26
Anatomy of the protochordate integument
Simple epithelium on simple gelatinous connective, no dermis, no glands...... Vertebrate has stratified squamous epidermis rests on basement membrane
27
Vertebrate integument
Stratified squamous epithelium on basement membrane which is dense irregular connective
28
Most constant feature in epidermis:
Collagen
29
Describe glands
Presence or absence of excretory duct, number of cells, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and shape
30
Exocrine glands
Empty contents into a body cavity or onto a surface.
31
Endocrine glands
Empty contents into bloodstream- ECF
32
Glands in fishes
Unicellular and multicellular mucous
33
Enamel vs. Dentine
Enamel: dead. Secreted by ameloblasts. Hardest substance in body. Dentine: Secreted by odontoblasts. Organized in a matrix. LIVING. Blood vessels and innervation.
34
Scale of fishes EVO.
Enamel->cosmine->enameloid-> ganoin->thin fibrous tissue on top of compact bone. Less layers through EVO.
35
Changes that occurred in early terrestrial vertebrates integument changes for possible terrestrial
Early fish became scaled no body armor b/c it was heavier-no buoyancy. AMphibians became smoother skin-stratum Corneum [layers of dead keratin] Keratinized stratum Corneum is adaptation to terrestrial life for defense to water loss in dry environment
36
Amphibian integument characteristics important in transition from aquatic to terrestrial environment:
- True stratum Corneum - Vascularized dermis for gas exchange:dermis is resp. Organ. - Numerous integumentary glands
37
TYpes of glands asso. W/ amphibian integument
- Leydig [unicellular] - Multicellular mucus glands [water-retention] - Multicellular poison glands -parotid glands are poison glands.
38
Keratin is made from
It is a protein derivative of eleidin
39
Reptile vs. amphibian integument
Reptiles stratum Corneum became more well-developed for reducing water-loss and epidermal glands or SCALES. Scales are folds in stratum Corneum.
40
Epidermal scales vs. dermal scales
Epidermal: scales are interconnected by thin bridges of epidermis-shedding happens. Allows for animal growth. Thickening-cornfield scales called cutes.. Dermal:Overlapped and strengthened by epidermal scales. Dermal scales: bone/ plates
41
Reptile vs. avian integument
Birds: thin skinned, well-developed stratum Corneum. Uropygial glands at base tail secrete oily material and spread for feathers to be soft and water-proof. Feathers are epidermal derivatives
42
Contour feather
Shaft base: calamus. Shaft connected to feather part is rachis. Barbs extend out from rachis. Rachis and barbs make the vane
43
Feather types in birds:
Down feathers:plumules. Short calamus and no hooks on barbs =more efficient for trapping air.soft and fluffy. Ancestor to contour Filoplumes: threadlike shaft. Stiff rachis= bristle-used to screen objects from nostrils, increase gape of mouth and form eyelashes
44
Homeotherms
Able to maintain relative constant body temp. In spite of variations in ambient temp.
45
Poikilotherms
Take on surrounding ambient temp. ( fish,amphibians, and reptiles)
46
What anatomical modifications made homeothermy possible?
- Feathers /hair trap air and can act as insulator. - High metabolic rate - Integument function-sweating, panting - sending more or less blood to the integument
47
Which vertebrate groups are homeotherms?
Birds and mammals
48
General characteristics of mammalian integument:
- Well-developed epi/dermis - hair - mammary glands - thick dermis - dermis forms tough leather-tanning - no epidermal scales - glands
49
Mammalian integument derivatives:
Glands Hairs Claws,antlers,hoofs,nails Chromatophores
50
Thick skin vs. thin skin
Designation depends on complexity of epidermis... All skin is thin except skin on palms and soles of feet.
51
What is missing in thin skin in the epidermis?
Stratum lucidum Also rare in stratum granulosum
52
Dermis histology
Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue
53
Hypodermics characteristics:
Loose connective tissue under dermis Contains panniculus adiposus
54
2 layers of dermis
Papillary layer Reticular layer
55
Papillary layer
- Loose connective tissue - Separate from epidermis by basal lamina - network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries
56
Reticular layer
- Dense irregular Connective tissue | - fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes
57
Sudoriferous glands
Long, hollow tubular glands- produce sweat [watery secretion] Larger and connected to hair follicles Apocrine and Merocrine sweat glands
58
Apocrine sudoriferous sweat glands
Asso. W/ hair follicles in axiliary and pubic region Thicker secretions acted upon by bacteria
59
Merocrine sudoriferous sweat glands
Watery secretion for evaporative cooling and important for thermoregulatory system
60
Sebaceous glands
Holocrine glands Asso. W/ hair follicles Help keep hairs pliable and may provide a role in waterproofing the integument
61
Mammary glands
Histologically similar to sudoriferous glands Apocrine and Merocrine secretions Different nipples in placentals and ungulates
62
Claws, nails, hoofs, and horns
All similar- compressed layers of stratum Corneum Keratin that makes this up has higher sulfur content-hard keratin.
63
Claws, nails, hoofs, and horns structure
Nail: ungus Under nail: subungis Where nail is grown from: stratum greminativum [matrix] Nail plate can be flat, curved horseshoe shape in different animals
64
Ungulates
Walk on distal edge of nail Have unguligrade stance
65
If you walk on your toes
Digitigrade stance [cats/dogs]
66
Walk on soles of feet
Plantigrade stance
67
Horns
Both genders; Solid core of bone attached to frontal bone and covered w/ stratum Corneum; Bone remains after death...Corneum doesn't.
68
Antlers:
Usually only male[except reindeer]; Outgrowths of frontal bone; Growing bone= highly vascularized skin-velvet. Fall off after breeding season
69
MAjor defining characteristics of mammals:
Hair and mammary glands

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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