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Comparative Anatomy > Lectures 5-7 > Flashcards

Lectures 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Microlecithal egg:

A

SMall amt. yolk

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2
Q

Mesolecithal egg:

A

Moderate amt. yolk

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3
Q

Macrolecithal egg:

A

Large amt. yolk

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4
Q

Isolecithal egg:

A

yolk evenly distributed throughout egg.

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5
Q

Telolecithal egg:

A

Yolk is concentrated at one end of the egg

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6
Q

Why micro/meso/macrolecithal eggs?

A

micro: Depend on external source of nutrients…mammals
Meso: enough energy for tadpole and to metamorphosis
Macro: enough yolk to provide adult-like form

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7
Q

Developmental steps for frog embryo

A

1: passes through animal-vegetal axis- 2 daughters
2: passes through animal-vegetal axis perpendicular to first cut-4 daughters
3: perpendicular to the 1st 2 cuts- 8 cells [unequal-macro/micromeres]
4: cuts continue to 32-64 cells
5: cells separate from internal cavity [blastocoel]-animal pole side
6: after blastulation, gatrulation begins: layerings form rearranged hollow ball
7: neurulation: formation of neural tube-CNS

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8
Q

How does neurulation compare in frog to vertebrate?

A

Looks similar: pretty much the same

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9
Q

Vegetal pole

A

Side of egg w/ concentrated yolk

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10
Q

Animal pole

A

OPPO end of egg w/o yolk

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11
Q

Meroblastic or discoidal cleavage

A

not cleaving through a ball of yolk like frog—birds have macrolecithal eggs there is only room for blastodisc cleavage.

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12
Q

Discoidal cleavage Avians:

A

1: furrow in cytoplasm of disc @ animal pole
2: 1st cleavage plane is not into yolk.
3: 2nd cleavage is perpendicular to the 1st.-4 equal sized blastomeres
4: 3rd cleavage lie parallel on either side of 1st–8 blastomeres.
5: 4th cleavage-circular furrow forms periphery of the 1st 3 -16 blastomeres.
6: yolk creates subgerminal space
7: 16-32 stage cleavage parallel blastodisc-multiple layers of blastomeres.
8: several hundred cell-stage=blastoderm
9: 2 cell layers[upper/lower] Separate making cavity in middle DELAMINIATION
10: could be considered blastocoel or gastrocoel

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13
Q

Mammalian developmental steps:

A

1: 1st cleavage is holoblastic.
2: first several cleavages similar to amphibian egg [equal and perpendicular to each other]
3: after 4th cleavage, it becomes unequal
4: after 4.5 days, 8 larger inner cells and 99 outer cells

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14
Q

Inner cells=

A

Inner cell mass

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15
Q

Outer cells=

A

Trophoblast layer

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16
Q

Trophoblast:

A

Trophoblast attaches to the lining of the uterus and forms 2 tissues:
1-cytotrophoblast: chorion
2-Syncytiotrophoblast: erodes into the uterus

BECOMES the PLACENTA

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17
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Becomes the embryo proper: amnion, yolk sac, and allantoic stalk

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18
Q

Advantages to development in aquatic environment:

A

CO2 and O2 readily diffuses, readily excrete nitrogenous wastes, dessication is reduced risk.

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19
Q

disadvantages to development in terrestrial environment:

A
  • Difficult to keep membrane moist
  • can’t dilute ammonia waste product
  • nutrition may not be readily available in terrestrial.
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20
Q

Four extra embryonic membranes:

A

Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
Allantois

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21
Q

Chorion

A

Involved in the formation of the placenta

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22
Q

Amnion

A

Creates fluid-filled environment for protecting embryo from dessication

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23
Q

Yolk sac

A

Preliminary site for the formation of blood cells and germ cells

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24
Q

Allantois

A

Forms the umbilical cord connecting embryo to placenta

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25
Q

Functions of the vertebrate integument:

A 
Protection
Coloration
Sensory reception
Excretion
Gas exchange
Water regulation
Temperature regulation
Food storage 
Nourishment
Locomotion
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26
Q

Anatomy of the protochordate integument

A

Simple epithelium on simple gelatinous connective, no dermis, no glands……
Vertebrate has stratified squamous epidermis rests on basement membrane

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27
Q

Vertebrate integument

A

Stratified squamous epithelium on basement membrane which is dense irregular connective

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28
Q

Most constant feature in epidermis:

A

Collagen

29
Q

Describe glands

A

Presence or absence of excretory duct, number of cells, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and shape

30
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Empty contents into a body cavity or onto a surface.

31
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Empty contents into bloodstream- ECF

32
Q

Glands in fishes

A

Unicellular and multicellular mucous

33
Q

Enamel vs. Dentine

A

Enamel: dead. Secreted by ameloblasts. Hardest substance in body.

Dentine: Secreted by odontoblasts. Organized in a matrix. LIVING. Blood vessels and innervation.

34
Q

Scale of fishes EVO.

A

Enamel->cosmine->enameloid-> ganoin->thin fibrous tissue on top of compact bone.

Less layers through EVO.

35
Q

Changes that occurred in early terrestrial vertebrates integument changes for possible terrestrial

A

Early fish became scaled no body armor b/c it was heavier-no buoyancy.
AMphibians became smoother skin-stratum Corneum [layers of dead keratin]
Keratinized stratum Corneum is adaptation to terrestrial life for defense to water loss in dry environment

36
Q

Amphibian integument characteristics important in transition from aquatic to terrestrial environment:

A
  • True stratum Corneum
  • Vascularized dermis for gas exchange:dermis is resp. Organ.
  • Numerous integumentary glands
37
Q

TYpes of glands asso. W/ amphibian integument

A
  • Leydig [unicellular]
  • Multicellular mucus glands [water-retention]
  • Multicellular poison glands -parotid glands are poison glands.
38
Q

Keratin is made from

A

It is a protein derivative of eleidin

39
Q

Reptile vs. amphibian integument

A

Reptiles stratum Corneum became more well-developed for reducing water-loss and epidermal glands or SCALES. Scales are folds in stratum Corneum.

40
Q

Epidermal scales vs. dermal scales

A

Epidermal: scales are interconnected by thin bridges of epidermis-shedding happens. Allows for animal growth. Thickening-cornfield scales called cutes..

Dermal:Overlapped and strengthened by epidermal scales. Dermal scales: bone/ plates

41
Q

Reptile vs. avian integument

A

Birds: thin skinned, well-developed stratum Corneum. Uropygial glands at base tail secrete oily material and spread for feathers to be soft and water-proof. Feathers are epidermal derivatives

42
Q

Contour feather

A

Shaft base: calamus.
Shaft connected to feather part is rachis.
Barbs extend out from rachis.
Rachis and barbs make the vane

43
Q

Feather types in birds:

A

Down feathers:plumules. Short calamus and no hooks on barbs =more efficient for trapping air.soft and fluffy. Ancestor to contour

Filoplumes: threadlike shaft. Stiff rachis= bristle-used to screen objects from nostrils, increase gape of mouth and form eyelashes

44
Q

Homeotherms

A

Able to maintain relative constant body temp. In spite of variations in ambient temp.

45
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Take on surrounding ambient temp. ( fish,amphibians, and reptiles)

46
Q

What anatomical modifications made homeothermy possible?

A
  • Feathers /hair trap air and can act as insulator.
  • High metabolic rate
  • Integument function-sweating, panting
  • sending more or less blood to the integument
47
Q

Which vertebrate groups are homeotherms?

A

Birds and mammals

48
Q

General characteristics of mammalian integument:

A
  • Well-developed epi/dermis
  • hair
  • mammary glands
  • thick dermis
  • dermis forms tough leather-tanning
  • no epidermal scales
  • glands
49
Q

Mammalian integument derivatives:

A

Glands
Hairs
Claws,antlers,hoofs,nails
Chromatophores

50
Q

Thick skin vs. thin skin

A

Designation depends on complexity of epidermis…

All skin is thin except skin on palms and soles of feet.

51
Q

What is missing in thin skin in the epidermis?

A

Stratum lucidum

Also rare in stratum granulosum

52
Q

Dermis histology

A

Dense fibrous irregular connective tissue

53
Q

Hypodermics characteristics:

A

Loose connective tissue under dermis

Contains panniculus adiposus

54
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

55
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Separate from epidermis by basal lamina
  • network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries
56
Q

Reticular layer

A
  • Dense irregular Connective tissue

- fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes

57
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Long, hollow tubular glands- produce sweat [watery secretion]

Larger and connected to hair follicles

Apocrine and Merocrine sweat glands

58
Q

Apocrine sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Asso. W/ hair follicles in axiliary and pubic region

Thicker secretions acted upon by bacteria

59
Q

Merocrine sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Watery secretion for evaporative cooling and important for thermoregulatory system

60
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine glands

Asso. W/ hair follicles

Help keep hairs pliable and may provide a role in waterproofing the integument

61
Q

Mammary glands

A

Histologically similar to sudoriferous glands

Apocrine and Merocrine secretions

Different nipples in placentals and ungulates

62
Q

Claws, nails, hoofs, and horns

A

All similar- compressed layers of stratum Corneum

Keratin that makes this up has higher sulfur content-hard keratin.

63
Q

Claws, nails, hoofs, and horns structure

A

Nail: ungus
Under nail: subungis
Where nail is grown from: stratum greminativum [matrix]

Nail plate can be flat, curved horseshoe shape in different animals

64
Q

Ungulates

A

Walk on distal edge of nail

Have unguligrade stance

65
Q

If you walk on your toes

A

Digitigrade stance [cats/dogs]

66
Q

Walk on soles of feet

A

Plantigrade stance

67
Q

Horns

A

Both genders;
Solid core of bone attached to frontal bone and covered w/ stratum Corneum;

Bone remains after death…Corneum doesn’t.

68
Q

Antlers:

A

Usually only male[except reindeer];
Outgrowths of frontal bone;
Growing bone= highly vascularized skin-velvet.
Fall off after breeding season

69
Q

MAjor defining characteristics of mammals:

A

Hair and mammary glands

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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