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Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 subphyla of Chordata

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrata

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2
Q

CEphalochordata

A

Notochord extends to the head [lancelets]

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3
Q

Urochordata

A

Notochord in tail [sea squirts]

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4
Q

Vertebrata

A

Has a vertebral column

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5
Q

Subphyla of Vertebrata

A

Pisces and Tetrapods

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6
Q

Pisces characteristics

A

first Fishes: Agnatha, Acanthodii, placodermi, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes ……p/t tetrapods…progression is from no jaws to jaws ->appendages->then to internal bony skeletons

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7
Q

Tetrapods characteristics

A

Paired appendages.. More terrestrial…after Pisces…progression includes the movement from water to land… More terrestrial

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8
Q

Pisces subgroup Agnatha

A

W/o jaws and paired appendages…hagfishes/lampreys…

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9
Q

Pisces subgroup Acanthodii

A

Spiny fish- gnathostomes: first vertebrates w/ jaws (W/ placodmeri)

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10
Q

Pisces subgroup Placodermi

A

Gnathostomes: (w/ Acanthodii)….have paired fins and w/ jaws

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11
Q

Pisces subgroup Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fishes- lacking ability to form bone-sharks, skates, Rays)

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12
Q

Pisces subgroup Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish- largest number of species

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13
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Amphibia

A

“Water/land”-frogs, toads, salamanders, caecillians.

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14
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Reptilla

A

Lizards, crocodillians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and plesiosaurs

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15
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Aves

A

All birds; characteristic is possesses feathers

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16
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Mammalia

A

All mammals. Characteristics : presence of hair and mammary glands

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17
Q

Chordata characteristics shared w/ invertebrates

A 
Cephalization
Complete digestive tract
Symmetry
Metamerism
Triploblasty
Eucoelomate body cavity
Closed circulatory system
Deuterostomy
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18
Q

Four big characteristics of chordata:

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharygeal gill or slits
Notochord
Post-anal tail

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19
Q

MAjor characteristics of vertebrata

A 
Vertebral column !!
Head-sense organ
Trunk-viscera and support
Tail-begins at anus
Appendages- typically 2 pairs
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20
Q

Basic differences among the 3 chordate subphyla

A

Cephalochordata: notochord extends to head
URochordata: notochord in tail
Vertebrata: Vertebral Column

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21
Q

Cranial/caudal axis

A

Coronal axis
Anterior/posterior
Dorsal/ventral

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22
Q

Dorsal/ventral axis

A

anterior/posterior axis

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23
Q

Left and right axis

A

L and R

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24
Q

Sagittal plane is defined by:

A

Cranial/caudal and; anterior/posterior axis

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25
Q

Frontal (coronal) defined by:

A

Left/right and cranial/caudal axis

26
Q

Transverse plane defined by:

A

Anterior/posterior &; left/ right axis

27
Q

Flexion/extension occurs in which plane?

A

Sagittal about L/R axis

28
Q

Abduction and Adduction occur in:

A

frontal (coronal)plane about sagittal axis

29
Q

Rotation occurs:

A

In transverse plane about a cranial/caudal axis

30
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Future brain and spinal cord…ventricles of brain

31
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits-arches-pouches

A

Cranial portion of gut tube…connect interior of pharynx to external environment…cranial nerve branches for ppl..mandibular/hyoid/tonsils…gas exchange is another use for organisms

32
Q

Notochord

A

Primitive (hydrostatic)axial skeleton…support system…remnants are intervertebral discs…responsible for formation of the nervous system

33
Q

Acoelomates:

A

Lack a body cavity separating somatic tube from the visceral tube (flatworms)

34
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Posses a body cavity but it is only partly dervied from embryonic mesoderm

35
Q

Eucoelomates

A

Most animals;possess a body cavity that is lined w/ embryonic mesoderm.

36
Q

Eucoelomate vertebral column

A

Consists of outer somatic tube and inner splanchnic tube

37
Q

Eucoelomate outer somatic tube

A

INteracts w/ external environment–SKin and skeletal muscle…allows organism to detect changes in its external environment and to respond to those changes.

38
Q

Eucoelomate inner splanchic tube

A

Involved w/ gut function-metabolism. Processing nutrients..anabolism/catabolism

39
Q

Vertebrates paired appendages

A

Pectoral (towards cranial end) and pelvic (closer to caudal….only Cyclostomes don’t have 2 paired appendages

40
Q

Vertebrates Internal mesodermal skeleton

A

Unique in possessing an internal mesodermal skeleton..cartilage or bone..ppl have cartilage replaced by bone

41
Q

Vertebrates epaxial/hypaxial musculature

A

Epaxial- segmentally arranged blocks of skeletal muscle [fish uses for locmotion]

Hypaxial- muscle that forms walls of body cavity and fins /limbs

42
Q

Vertebrates subdivided coelom

A

2 subdivisions in vertebrates; 3 subdivisions in mammals.

43
Q

2 coelom divisions in vertebrates:

A

Pericardial and PLEUROPERIOTONEAL

44
Q

3 divisions of coelom in mammals:

A

Pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal

45
Q

What separates cavities of coelom in fishes/amphibians reptiles

A

Fibrous transverse septum

46
Q

Cavities are lined w/ what in coelom of Vertebrates?

A

serous membranes-thin, watery lubricating fluid. These are called parietal layers.

47
Q

Membranes covering organs are called:

A

visceral layers

48
Q

______ are where the visceral and parietal peritoneum join forming double layers

A

Mesenteries

49
Q

Dorsal mesenteries

A

Suspends gut tube from Dorsal roof of coelom

50
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

Connects the gut tube to the floor of the coelom

51
Q

Falciparum ligament (VM-2)

A

Ventral mesentery: connects liver to floor of peritoneal cavity

52
Q

Lesser omentum

A

connects Between the liver and the ventral gut

53
Q

Where do the kidneys lie? What cavity?

A

Retroperitoneal

54
Q

Vertebral metamerism

A

Segmentation- repeating body units on either side of midline…cranial to caudal..epaxial musculature in relating blocks, another ex: vertebral column

55
Q

Vertebral triploblasty

A

body plan is from 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

56
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost layer; makes gut tube and derivatives

57
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer; makes integument and CNS

58
Q

MEsoderm

A

Middle germ layer; makes connective tissue, cartilage, muscle, GU

59
Q

Vertebral deuterostomy

A

Not unique to chordates. “first opening becomes anus”…blastopore becomes the anus

60
Q

Vertebral cephalization

A

Not unique to chordate…development of definite head…accumulation of sense organs.

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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