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Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 subphyla of Chordata

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrata

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2
Q

CEphalochordata

A

Notochord extends to the head [lancelets]

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3
Q

Urochordata

A

Notochord in tail [sea squirts]

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4
Q

Vertebrata

A

Has a vertebral column

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5
Q

Subphyla of Vertebrata

A

Pisces and Tetrapods

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6
Q

Pisces characteristics

A

first Fishes: Agnatha, Acanthodii, placodermi, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes ……p/t tetrapods…progression is from no jaws to jaws ->appendages->then to internal bony skeletons

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7
Q

Tetrapods characteristics

A

Paired appendages.. More terrestrial…after Pisces…progression includes the movement from water to land… More terrestrial

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8
Q

Pisces subgroup Agnatha

A

W/o jaws and paired appendages…hagfishes/lampreys…

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9
Q

Pisces subgroup Acanthodii

A

Spiny fish- gnathostomes: first vertebrates w/ jaws (W/ placodmeri)

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10
Q

Pisces subgroup Placodermi

A

Gnathostomes: (w/ Acanthodii)….have paired fins and w/ jaws

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11
Q

Pisces subgroup Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fishes- lacking ability to form bone-sharks, skates, Rays)

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12
Q

Pisces subgroup Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish- largest number of species

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13
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Amphibia

A

“Water/land”-frogs, toads, salamanders, caecillians.

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14
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Reptilla

A

Lizards, crocodillians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and plesiosaurs

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15
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Aves

A

All birds; characteristic is possesses feathers

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16
Q

Tetrapod subgroup Mammalia

A

All mammals. Characteristics : presence of hair and mammary glands

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17
Q

Chordata characteristics shared w/ invertebrates

A 
Cephalization
Complete digestive tract
Symmetry
Metamerism
Triploblasty
Eucoelomate body cavity
Closed circulatory system
Deuterostomy
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18
Q

Four big characteristics of chordata:

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharygeal gill or slits
Notochord
Post-anal tail

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19
Q

MAjor characteristics of vertebrata

A 
Vertebral column !!
Head-sense organ
Trunk-viscera and support
Tail-begins at anus
Appendages- typically 2 pairs
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20
Q

Basic differences among the 3 chordate subphyla

A

Cephalochordata: notochord extends to head
URochordata: notochord in tail
Vertebrata: Vertebral Column

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21
Q

Cranial/caudal axis

A

Coronal axis
Anterior/posterior
Dorsal/ventral

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22
Q

Dorsal/ventral axis

A

anterior/posterior axis

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23
Q

Left and right axis

A

L and R

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24
Q

Sagittal plane is defined by:

A

Cranial/caudal and; anterior/posterior axis

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25
Frontal (coronal) defined by:
Left/right and cranial/caudal axis
26
Transverse plane defined by:
Anterior/posterior &; left/ right axis
27
Flexion/extension occurs in which plane?
Sagittal about L/R axis
28
Abduction and Adduction occur in:
frontal (coronal)plane about sagittal axis
29
Rotation occurs:
In transverse plane about a cranial/caudal axis
30
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Future brain and spinal cord...ventricles of brain
31
Pharyngeal gill slits-arches-pouches
Cranial portion of gut tube...connect interior of pharynx to external environment...cranial nerve branches for ppl..mandibular/hyoid/tonsils...gas exchange is another use for organisms
32
Notochord
Primitive (hydrostatic)axial skeleton...support system...remnants are intervertebral discs...responsible for formation of the nervous system
33
Acoelomates:
Lack a body cavity separating somatic tube from the visceral tube (flatworms)
34
Pseudocoelomates
Posses a body cavity but it is only partly dervied from embryonic mesoderm
35
Eucoelomates
Most animals;possess a body cavity that is lined w/ embryonic mesoderm.
36
Eucoelomate vertebral column
Consists of outer somatic tube and inner splanchnic tube
37
Eucoelomate outer somatic tube
INteracts w/ external environment--SKin and skeletal muscle...allows organism to detect changes in its external environment and to respond to those changes.
38
Eucoelomate inner splanchic tube
Involved w/ gut function-metabolism. Processing nutrients..anabolism/catabolism
39
Vertebrates paired appendages
Pectoral (towards cranial end) and pelvic (closer to caudal....only Cyclostomes don't have 2 paired appendages
40
Vertebrates Internal mesodermal skeleton
Unique in possessing an internal mesodermal skeleton..cartilage or bone..ppl have cartilage replaced by bone
41
Vertebrates epaxial/hypaxial musculature
Epaxial- segmentally arranged blocks of skeletal muscle [fish uses for locmotion] Hypaxial- muscle that forms walls of body cavity and fins /limbs
42
Vertebrates subdivided coelom
2 subdivisions in vertebrates; 3 subdivisions in mammals.
43
2 coelom divisions in vertebrates:
Pericardial and PLEUROPERIOTONEAL
44
3 divisions of coelom in mammals:
Pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal
45
What separates cavities of coelom in fishes/amphibians reptiles
Fibrous transverse septum
46
Cavities are lined w/ what in coelom of Vertebrates?
serous membranes-thin, watery lubricating fluid. These are called parietal layers.
47
Membranes covering organs are called:
visceral layers
48
______ are where the visceral and parietal peritoneum join forming double layers
Mesenteries
49
Dorsal mesenteries
Suspends gut tube from Dorsal roof of coelom
50
Ventral mesentery
Connects the gut tube to the floor of the coelom
51
Falciparum ligament (VM-2)
Ventral mesentery: connects liver to floor of peritoneal cavity
52
Lesser omentum
connects Between the liver and the ventral gut
53
Where do the kidneys lie? What cavity?
Retroperitoneal
54
Vertebral metamerism
Segmentation- repeating body units on either side of midline...cranial to caudal..epaxial musculature in relating blocks, another ex: vertebral column
55
Vertebral triploblasty
body plan is from 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
56
Endoderm
Innermost layer; makes gut tube and derivatives
57
Ectoderm
Outermost layer; makes integument and CNS
58
MEsoderm
Middle germ layer; makes connective tissue, cartilage, muscle, GU
59
Vertebral deuterostomy
Not unique to chordates. "first opening becomes anus"...blastopore becomes the anus
60
Vertebral cephalization
Not unique to chordate...development of definite head...accumulation of sense organs.

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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