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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 13-Axial musculature > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 13-Axial musculature Flashcards

1
Q

3 groups of skeletal muscle:

A

Axial
Branchiomeric
Appendicular

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2
Q

Derived from myotome portions of somites
Demonstrate a segmental arrangement (metamerism)
Innervated by spinal nerves

A

Axial muscle

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3
Q

Formed from embryonic mesenchyme asso. W/ pharyngeal arches
Demonstrate segmental arrangement (metamerism)
Innervated by CN

A

Branchiomeric

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4
Q

Formed from body wall or limb bud mesenchyme

Innervated by spinal nerves

A

Appendicular

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5
Q

Musculature of vertebrate body wall and tail make up:

A

Axial musculature

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6
Q

Dervied from embryonic somites

A

Axial musculature

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7
Q

Metamerism is evident in:

A

Fishes and in urodeles

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8
Q

Metamerism not as evident in :

A

Most tetrapods

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9
Q

Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

A

Epaxial musculature

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10
Q

Innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves

A

Hypaxial musculature

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11
Q

Amniotes have hyaxial muscles ventral to transverse processes or organized into __________ bundles

A

Longitudinal

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12
Q

Mammalian diaphragm and cremaster muscles are:

A

hypaxial muscles

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13
Q

Arise originate from 3 pairs preotic somitomeres and are innervated by CN III, IV, and VI.

A

Muscles of the eyeball

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14
Q

Divided into extrinsic and intrinsic

A

Appendicular muscles

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15
Q

Originate from the axial skeleton and insert on girdle or limb

A

Extrinsic muscle

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16
Q

Originate from the girdle or proximal limb and insert more distally

A

Intrinsic muscle

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17
Q

Intrinsic muscles in tetrapods develop w/ in one ______

A

Limb

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18
Q

Develop from branchial arch

A

Branchiomeric muscles

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19
Q

1st brachial arch open and close jaws

A

mandibular arch

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20
Q

Muscles of first arch are innervated by which CN?

A

V

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21
Q

Derived from second brachial arch attach to the hyoid skelton lower jaw and operculum in fishes:

A

Hyoid arch

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22
Q

Depend primarily on powerful movement of the trunk and/or tail for locomotion

A

Fish

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23
Q

Trunk muscle of the fish are the _____ muscles

A

Axial

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24
Q

In craniates, hypaxial muscles extend into the ________ as hypobranchial muscles

A

Pharynx

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25
Q

In amniotes, hypaxial muscles extend forward into the _________

A

Tongue

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26
Q

Appendicular muscles in fishes are mostly ________

A

Extrinsic

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27
Q

Extrinsic muscles of tetrapods develop in one of 2 ways:

A

W/in the embryonic wall and spread to the limb

In the limb and spread to the axial skeleton

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28
Q

Innervated by the 7th CN

Sphincter colli of lower tetrapods spreads over head of amniotes

A

Second branchial arch - hyoid arch

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29
Q 
Remaining arches (besides 1 and 2 branchial arches) operate gills in fishes and take on new functions in tetrapods 
These muscles are innervated by CN\_\_\_\_?
A

9 and 10.

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30
Q

_________ of fishes and urodeles gives rise to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid of amniotes

A

Cucullaris

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31
Q

Segments that make up the axial musculature

A

Myomeres

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32
Q

Muscles are dervied from Semitic myotomes and exhibit a segmental arrangement:

A

Axial muscles

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33
Q

In gnathostomes, theyre typically divided into epaxial (more _______) and hypaxial(more _________) muscles

A

Dorsal; ventral

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34
Q

The number of myomeres corresponds w/ the number of ____________ but the spatial arrangement of the myomeres alternates w/ that of the __________

A

Vertebrae; vertebrae

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35
Q

Lateral view of a typical gnathostome fish myomere segmentation resembles what letter

A

W

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36
Q

“W” is the split btw what two structures in gnathostomes:

A

Upper portion[epaxial musculature]

Lower portion [hypaxial musculature]

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37
Q

Separates epaxial and hypaxial parts from each other

A

Horizontal septum

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38
Q

Individual myomeres are separated from each other by vertical CT

A

Transverse septa

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39
Q

Segmented portions of the fish axial musculature(2):

A

Myomeres

Myosepta

40
Q

Axial musculature in fishes are major player in:

A

Locomotion

Includes: epaxial and hypaxial

41
Q

Amphibian musculature trend from fishes to tetrapods:

A

Reduction in epaxial musculature. Most tetrapods use limbs for locomotion not epaxial musculature.

Division of hypaxial muscles into layers

Increase in mass and complexity of limb muscles

42
Q

Urodeles and epaxial muscles

A

Still somewhat well-developed…these are salamanders… useful for swimming

43
Q

Designed for flexing body back and forth for swimming

A

Dorsalis truncus

44
Q

Divisions/Layers of muscles into layers:

A

Subvertebral,
Lateral flank,
Rectus abdominus

45
Q

Opposes dorsalis truncus in nectarus

A

Subvertebral muscle

46
Q

Muscle that becomes rectus cervcis in neck

A

Rectus abdominal

47
Q

Muscles to pay attention to in nectarus:

A

Rectus abdominus and dorsalis truncus

48
Q

Trend w/ muscle and reptiles/mammals:

A

Similar muscle arrangement to nectarus;

Except for division of epaxial muscles

49
Q

Dorsalis trunucus in reptiles/mammals:

A

Division into 3 longitudinal columns:
Transversospinalis
Logissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis

50
Q

Hypaxial muscles in reptiles/mammals:

A

Similar to amphibian, division into 3 layers

51
Q

Hypaxial muscles in reptiles/mammals:

A

Assist w/ breathing by raising and lowering ribs

-internal/external intercostals and subcostals

52
Q

3 groups of back muscles:

A

Superficial, intermediate, deep

53
Q

2 extrinsic muscles in back

A

Superficial and intermediate

54
Q

Only intrinsic muscle in back:

A

Deep muscle

55
Q

Respiratory muscles innervated by ventral rami. Serratus posterior group [inferior/superior]

A

Intermediate back muscle group

56
Q 
Connect limb to axial skeleton. Innervated by ventral rami. Or CN XI includes:
Trapezius
Lat. Dorsi. 
Levator scapulae 
Rhomboideus major/minor
A

Superficial back muscle group

57
Q

True intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by dorsal rami. 3 groups:
Superficial,intermediate, and deep.

A

Deep muscle group of back

58
Q

Muscles are named base on ______________…they tend to migrate from embryo

A

innervation

59
Q

Only epaxial muscle group of the back:

A

Deep-intrinsic b/c it is innervated by dorsal rami

60
Q

Ex of true intrinsic back muscles:

A

Splenius capitis/cervicis-superficial

Iliocostalius, longissimus, spinalis-intermediate

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores- deep- fine movements of the vertebral column

61
Q

Superficial intrinsic muscles make up the:

A

Spinotransversalis system

62
Q

Spinotrnaversalis system run

A

Laterally and upward to attach to transverse processes and skull.

63
Q

Intermediate intrinsic muscles make up the

A

Sacrospinalis system

64
Q

Sacrospinalis system function:

A

Hold body upright

Erector spinae group

Runs straight up and down.

65
Q

Deep intrinsic muscles make up the

A

Transversospinalis system

66
Q

Transversospinalis system run:

A

Laterally and insert medically

Run from transverse process to transverse process

67
Q

How many eye muscles?

A

6 eye muscles

68
Q

Eye muscles are dervied from

A

3 pairs of anterior somites

And 3 pairs of CN that innervate

69
Q

Innervates superior oblique muscle

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

70
Q

Innervates lateral rectus muscle

A

Abducens nerve CN VI

71
Q 
Innervates remaining 4 muscles: 
Inferior rectus,
Medial rectus, 
Inferior rectus 
Inferior oblique
A

Oculomotor nerve CN III

72
Q

Intrinsic muscle of eye function

A

Control diameter of pupil

73
Q

Muscles of the gill arch region arise from __________ _________ not somites

A

Embryonic mesenchyme

74
Q

Anterior muscle of gill arch in shark: striated or smooth?

A

Striated

75
Q

Posterior muscle of gill arch in shark: striated or smooth?

A

Smooth

76
Q

Why would the posterior muscles be smooth and not striated?

A

This reflects change from vigorous feeding movements for gill function to slower sustained movements for transport of food along gut tract….involuntary now..

77
Q

Innervated by CN V: trigeminal nerve

A

Gill arch I - mandibular

78
Q

Innervated by CN VII: facial nerve

A

Gill arch II- hyoid

79
Q

Innervated by CN IX: glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Gill arch III

80
Q

Innervated by CN X: vagus nerve

A

Remaining gill attaches (except: I, II, III)

81
Q

Muscles of the gill arch of the shark:

A

Branchiomeric musculature of the shark

82
Q

Vertebrates have varying aspects of development of muscle:

A

Different vertebrates muscles travel further distances from vertebrae

83
Q

Nerve is dragged along w/ muscle during

A

Muscle migration…that’s why we name based on innervation.

84
Q

Cranial nerves are associated w/ each of the :

A

Gill arches

85
Q

Articulation occurs btw quadrate bone and articular bone

A

Temporomandibular joint of non-mammalian

86
Q

Mammalian TMJ:

A

Synovial joint w/ articular disk.

Articular surfaces are the temporal bone and mandibular condyle.

Fate of articular and quadrate derives meckel’s cartilage

87
Q

Quadrate becomes the

A

Incus in middle ear

88
Q

Articular bone moves into middle ear and becomes

A

Malleus

89
Q

What are the 2 fish Anatomy features lost in tetrapods?

A

Interarcuals

Coracobranchials

90
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by:

A

CN V

91
Q

Zygomatic bone to lateral surface of ramus and coronoid process

Elevates and protracts manible

A

Masseter

92
Q

Temporal fossa and fascia to coronoid process

Elevates and retracts mandible

Grinding

A

Temporalis

93
Q

Lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid to front of mandible and TMJ

Protracts mandible; depresses chin

Bilateral- grinding(unilateral)

A

Lateral pterygoid

94
Q

Lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla to medial surface of mandible near angle

Elevates, protracts, and grinding unilateral

A

Medial pterygoid

95
Q

Adductor (lavator) mandibulae of nectarus is = to:

A

Temporalis and masseter

96
Q

Fish anatomical features lost in tetrapods (2):

A

Interarcuals

Coracobranchials

97
Q

CN for anterior digastric?

A

CN V

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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