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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 12: Comp. Anatomy Of Musculature I > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 12: Comp. Anatomy Of Musculature I Flashcards

1
Q

All movements in the human body involves

A

Muscular contraction

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2
Q

All muscular contractions consist of:

A

Motor actions
Contractions of heart and vessels
Actions in the intestines

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3
Q

Muscle tissue classified based on characteristics such as:

A

Appearance, arrangement of nucleus, function

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4
Q

Most common classification system is based on what 2 characteristics:

A

Microscopic appearance
And
What organ it is asso. W/

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5
Q

4 types of muscle tissue:

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, branchiomeric

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6
Q

Striated or band subunit appearance
Voluntary control
Attached to sketch system directly/indirectly
Mononucleated cells (myoblasts)

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q 
Not striated
Generally involvuntary 
Spindle-shaped mononucleated cells
Centrally located nuclei 
Most commonly asso. W/ viscera
A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q 
Shares characteristics w/ skeletal and smooth muscle 
Striated
Involuntary
Mononucleated and striated 
Specialized junctions for syncytium
A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Specialized intercellular junctions in cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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10
Q

Asso. W/ pharyngeal arches
Transition btw smooth muscle and striated muscle
Innervated by cranial nerves

A

Branchiomeric muscle

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11
Q

Shapes of muscle involved in naming:

A 
Fusiform (spindle-shaped)
Pinnate:
-unipennate
-bipennate
-multipennate
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12
Q

Besides shape, what’re some other ways of naming muscle:

A 
Action
Location
Number of heads
Fiber direction
Relative size 
Origin-insertion
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13
Q

Proximal attachement
Usually…
May be fixed w. Regard to movement

A

Origin

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14
Q

Distal attachement
Usually…
Usually more movable

A

Insertion

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15
Q 
Attachement btw muscle and bone 
Dense collagenous CT
Surrounded by peritendineum
Bundles of collagen fibers 
Poorly vascularized
A

Tendons

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16
Q

Flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons

A

Aponeuroses

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17
Q

Consists of sarcomeres:

Which consist of myosin-thick and actin-thin

A

Myofilament

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18
Q

Chain of sarcomeres

A

Myofibril

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19
Q

Bundle of myofibrils

Often referred to as muscle cell
Each fiber formed from many fused myoblasts

A

Myofiber

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20
Q

Bundle of myofibers

A

Fascicle

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21
Q

Composed of varying numbers of fascicles

A

Muscle

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22
Q

Surrounds each muscle fiber

Lies outside sarcolemma

A

Endomysium

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23
Q

Surrounds each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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24
Q

surrounds each muscle
Becomes continuous w/ tendons
Attached to periosteum

A

Epimysium

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25
Q

What makes up myofilament?

A

Actin and myosin

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26
Q

Muscle fiber will either contract completely or not at all

A

All or none principle

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27
Q

After birth the number of myofibers:

A

Can not be increased

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28
Q

What can be increased in muscle?

A

You can increase number of myofibrils…there for a myofiber and muscle may beincreased in size

29
Q

What happens to lost muscle?

A

Replaced by scar tissue (fibrous CT)

30
Q

A single nerve cell may innervate from a few to several hundred myofibers:

A

Motor units — all or none

31
Q

Want maximal contraction of muscle?

A

More recruitment=more motor units incvolved

32
Q

All or none really refers to:

A

Motor unit involvement

33
Q

Myofiber type is determined by:

A

Innervation neuron

34
Q

All myofibers in a single motor unit will be same ____

A

Type

35
Q

Fiber type is based on :

A

Endurance

36
Q

2 types of muscle fibers

A

Dark-slow fibers (red)

Light-Fast (white)

37
Q

Found in all vertebrate groups

Not multiple innervated

Do not propagate AP

A

Phasic fibers

38
Q

Found in non-mammalian vertebrates
Involved in slow, sustained postural activities **
Single nerve cell innervates many fibers- each fiber is INNERVATED MULTIPLE TIMES (>1 innervation)
Contract slowly
Do not propagate an AP

A

Tonic fibers

We do not have….

39
Q

Dark fibers ex of muscle:

A

Soleus

Stroll w/ the sol

40
Q

Predominantly composed light fibers:

A

Gastrocnemius

41
Q

contraction length of muscle doesnt change

A

Isometric, but force of contraction increases

42
Q

Contraction length of muscle does change:

A

Isotonic contraction

43
Q

contraction muscle gets shorter:

A

Concentric

44
Q

Contraction muscle get longer:

A

Eccentric contraction

45
Q

Basis for names of muscles:

A

Shape, origin-insertion, function, relative size, fiber arrangement, location

46
Q

Fiber arrangement:

A

Straight, fusiform, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

47
Q

Result of the muscle contraction depends on:

A

Muscle attachment
Which end of muscle is fixed
Force of contraction r/t force of distance
Simultaneous action of muscles around other muscles asso. W/ same structure

48
Q

How is stability of a bone at a given time is determined by:

A

Contractions of muscles acting as stabilizers

49
Q

Muscle doing desired action

A

Agonist

50
Q

Muscle that opposes the agonist

A

Antagonist

51
Q

Muscle that stabilizes base of attachment of agonist

A

Fixator

52
Q

Muscle that crosses only one joint

A

Unijoint

53
Q

Muscle that crosses more than one joint

A

Multijoint

54
Q

Inability of a multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously:

A

Insufficiency

55
Q

Muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist

A

Synergist

56
Q

Insufficiency r/t the reference of agonist

A

Active insufficiency

57
Q

Insufficiency r/t the reference of the antagonist

A

Passive insufficiency

58
Q

Insufficiency doesnt affect what type muscle?

A

Unijoint…..only multijoint

59
Q

Prime movers and assistant movers

A

Agonist muscles

60
Q

A muscle primary function is to cause the particular movement and a strong contributor to that movement:

A

Prime mover

61
Q

Has the ability to assist in the movement but is only of secondary importance to the movement

A

Assistant mover

62
Q

Acting as a stabilaizer (fixator) usually contracts as:

A

Isometrically

63
Q

Muscles that pass anterior to the axis of a joint are

A

Flexors

64
Q

Muscles that pass posterior to axis of a joint are

A

Extensor

65
Q

Muscles that pas lateral to a joint are:

A

Abductors

66
Q

Muscle flexor can shorten about:

A

1/2 total length

67
Q

Muscles that nullify one or more actions of another muscle:

A

Synergist— Neutralizer

68
Q

Cause opposite motion of the prime mover w.o assisting in the movement:

A

Synergistic-neutralizer

69
Q

One that extends across more than one joint and potentially can contribute to movement at each joint it crosses

A

Multijoint muscle

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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