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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 10-skeletal System 2 > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 10-skeletal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the vertebrate skull organization:

A

Chondrocranium:
Neurocranium and splanchnocranium

Dermatocranium

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2
Q

Neurocranium forms the

A

Braincase

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3
Q

Splanchnocranium forms the

A

Gill arches

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4
Q

DO we have dermal bone?

A

No

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5
Q

The braincase or neurocranium has 3 pairs of cartilaginous capsules housing special sensory organs [capsules]:

A

Olfactory
Optic
Otic

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6
Q

The floor of the braincase or neurocranium forms from 2 pairs of cartilaginous plates,explain:

A

Parachordals: flank [side] the notochord

Prechordals: in front of notochord

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7
Q

Hole spinal cord exits from braincase:

A

Foramen magnum

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8
Q

Asso. W/ sense of smell

A

Olfactory

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9
Q

Asso. W/ sense of sight

A

Optic

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10
Q

Asso. W/ sense of balance

A

Otic

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11
Q

Below the Foramen magnum

A

Basioccipital

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12
Q

Paired; lateral to foramen

A

Exoccipital

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13
Q

Above the Foramen magnum

A

Supraoccipital

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14
Q

Endochondral ossifications:

A

Basioccipital
Exoccipital
Supraoccipital
Basisphenoid/presphenoid

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15
Q

How many pairs of cartilaginous or bony arches make up splanchnocranium?

A

6 pairs

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16
Q

1st and second arches of the splanchnocranium:

A

Mandibular and hyoid arch

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17
Q

Dorsal and ventral part of mandibular arch:

A

Dorsal: palatopterygoquadrate bar- ossification=sphenoid

Ventral: meckel’s cartilage: quadrate and articular

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18
Q

What does the hyoid arch do in many fishes?

A

It braces the palatopterygoquadrate bar against the braincase

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19
Q

When the hyoid arch [derived from the 2nd gill arch] braces the upper jaw against the neurocranium

A

Hyostylic articulation

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20
Q

When the upper jaw is fused to the brain case:

A

Autostylic articulation

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21
Q

Ex of hyostylic jaw:

A

Elasmobranchs, holosteans, teleosts, and dipnoans

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22
Q

Ex of autostylic jaw:

A

Chimaeras and lungfishes

Jaw articulation is between quadrate and articular

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23
Q

Primitive tetrapods to amphibians skull:

A

Reduction in dermal bones,
Retention of considerable cartilage,
Paired occipital condyles,
Autostylic jaw articulation,

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24
Q

Dermal skull elements of primitively tetrapods

A

Primitive tetrapods had a lot of dermal bones and they’re named as human bones but not really sure if they are same bone…
Many bones are no longer in human anatomy, so they were lost. But some are still there.

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25
Q

Amphibian dermal series: Cheek:

A

Squamosal

Quadratojugal: forms cheek arch

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26
Q

Amphibian dermal series Tooth-bearing:

A

Premaxilla

Maxilla

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27
Q

Generalization Reptile skull:

A

Well ossified,
Boxlike skulls->arches and openings,
Dermatocranium reduced,
Single median occipital condyle,
Well-developed jaw muscles r/t muscle attachment on side of skull- arches and openings.
Many reptilian dermal bones rate homologous w/ mammal skulls.

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28
Q

No arches and no additional openings

A

Anapsid

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29
Q

Ex of anapsid

A

Cotylosaurs [and maybe turtles]

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30
Q

Both lateral and dorsolateral openings- 2 arches

A

Diapsid -found in most reptiles

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31
Q

Ex of diapsid:

A

Sphenodon,

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32
Q

May be a variant of a diapsid skull

Single dorsolateral opening bounded inferiorly by postorbital and squamosal bones

A

Euryapsid [parapsid]

33
Q

Ex of Euryapsid [parapsid]

A

Plesiosaurs and icthyosaurs

34
Q

Found in mammal-like reptiles and mammals.

Single opening bounded inferiorly by the zygomatic arch

A

Synapsid-mammals—-us

35
Q

Reptilian emargination on superior skull:

A

Allows muscle to attach for strong neck attachment to head and body

36
Q

One of the benefits of zygomatic arch:

A

Allows for increase SA of muscle to have more forcible bite

37
Q

Jaw articulation in reptiles and amphibians is:

A

Between the articular and quadrate

=autostylic

38
Q

Articular is dervied from the proximal end of

A

Meckel’s cartilage

1st branchial arch

39
Q

Quadrate is derived from proximal end of

A

Palatopterygoquadrate cartilage

1st branchial arch

40
Q

Hyomandibular is no longer need to brace upper jaw against braincase what happens to it?

A

It becomes the columella [stapes forms proximal portion]

Extends from the tympanic membrane to fenestra ovalis

41
Q

Opening into inner ear

A

Fenestra ovalis

42
Q

1st gill slit becomes=

A

Eustachian tube

43
Q

Amphibian and reptile jaws are

A

Autostylic

44
Q

Amphibian vs. reptile tympanic membrane:

A

Amphibian-high

Reptile-low

45
Q

What happens in between amphibian and reptile development w/ ear?

A

The quadrate and articular in amphibian which is a part of the mandible becomes malleus [articular] and incus [quadrate] in reptile.

Stapes became longer in reptile.

46
Q

Ossifications from the palatopterygoquadrate

A

Epiterygoids

47
Q

Floor of the braincase

A

Basisphenoid

48
Q

Pelycosaurs braincase:

A
  • not fused to epipterygoids

- epipterygoids do not extend to dermal roof.

49
Q

Therapsids braincase:

A

Basisphenoid (braincase floor) fused to epiterygoids and pterygoids

Epipterygoids do not extend to dermal roof

50
Q

Mammal braincase:

A

Basisphenoid fused to epipterygoids and pterygoids

Epipterygoids extend to dermal roof

51
Q

Serves as sites for muscles involved in jaw movement in mammals:

A

Pterygoid plates

52
Q

Primary palate

A

Floor of braincase —

Human- roof of nose

53
Q

Secondary palate consists of:

A

Premaxillae
Maxillae
Palatines

54
Q

Function of secondary palate:

A

Separate food stream from air stream

55
Q

Why can cleft palate occur?

A

The bone is formed from the outside-in…sometimes it doesnt meet up completely.

56
Q

Development of secondary palate is especially important in:

A

homeotherms

57
Q

Zygomatic arch is formed by:

A

Jugal and squamosal bones

58
Q

Crests for muscle attachment:

A

Sagittal and nuchal crest

59
Q

Mammalian jaw articulation:

A

Crainostylic

Btw Denmark and temporal bones

60
Q

What happened to quadrate and articular:

A

Incus and malleus in middle ear

61
Q

CLearly define structures at TMJ human:

A

Capsule

Temporomandibular ligament

Stylomandibular ligament

62
Q

Attachment for falx celebri :

A

Crista Galli

63
Q

4 skull sutures:

A

Sagittal
Lambdoidal
Coronal
Frontal

64
Q

4 fontanelles

A

Anterior
Posterior
Posterolateral
Anterolateral

65
Q

Superior and posterior boundary of temporal

A

Inferior temporal line

66
Q

Anterior boundary of temporal

A

Frontal process of zygomatic

67
Q

Inferior boundary of temporal

A

Zygomatic arch

68
Q

Floor of temporal [4 components]:

A

Greater wing of sphenoid
Squamous temporal
Frontal
parietal

69
Q

What is in temporal region:

A

Temporalis muscle
Deep temporal nerve and arteries
Zygomaticus nerve

70
Q

Attachment of temporalis fascia

A

Superior temporal line

71
Q

Attachment of temporalis muscle

A

Inferior temporal line

72
Q

Elevates and protracts mandible

A

Masseter

73
Q

Elevates and retracts mandible

A

Temporalis

74
Q

Protracts mandible; depresses chin[bilateral; grinding(unilateral)]

A

Lateral pterygoid

75
Q

Elevates, protracts, grinding [unilateral]

A

Medial pterygoid

76
Q

Between head of mandible (condyloid process) and mandibular fossa of temporal bone, what type of joint:

A

Synovial joint

77
Q

Capsule of TMJ allows:

A

Mandible to protracts, retract, and elevate/depress

78
Q

TMJ 3 ligaments:

A

Temporomandibular

Stylomandibular

Sphenomandibular

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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