Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy > Lectures 2-4 > Flashcards

Lectures 2-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Ontogeny

A

EMbryonic development of an organism after birth (reproductive maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Teleology

A

Characteristics develop out of need, untestable…birds needed to fly so developed wings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Von Baer’s law

A

Features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically and features that develop later are more recent development. Not exactly true…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synthetic theory of evolution [3 components]:

A

Organic evolution, Genetic diversity, and natural selection….Ernest Meyer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organic evolution

A

Based on fossil record, organisms today aren’t same as prior in Hx. Based on fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Genetic diversity

A

All members of population demonstrate genetic variation d/t sexual reproduction (meiosis/recombination) and mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Natural selection

A

Co-developed by Alfred Wallace and Darwin. Those w/ best chance survival have better chance fertile offspring; thus there genotypes will become more frequent in population over years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory of acquired characteristics and author:

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck- AN organism can develop anatomical changes in response to specific pressures it encounters. Ex: blacksmith strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Analogy

A

Similarity in function, but different in anatomy/embryological development. Ex: dolphin and carp have similar functions for limbs…differ in structure though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in structure but different function [d/t inheritance from common ancestor]. Ex: lizard and dolphin limbs similar in structure differ in function-did have common ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Homoplasy

A

Structural similarity in different organisms not d/t inheritance from common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Convergence

A

Gaining similar characteristics by species w/ different ancestors..ex: Dolphin, shark, and icthysaur all have similar body from same ancestor..maybe d/t environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parallelism

A

Common ancestor and independently gains characteristics…ex: Long feet and bushy tail mice common ancestor and both developed these characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Paedogenesis and the origin of vertebrates:

A

The hypothesis is that larval tunicates have the tail intact and became able to reproduce…so the tunicates gave rise to cephalochordates and vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First vertebrates appeared in which period, how long ago was this?

A

Cambrian; 570 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Characteristics of hypothetical common ancestor Echinoderms and chordates?

A 
Most agree chordates have more in common w/ Echinoderms.
Characteristics:
Sessile/semi-sessile
Deuterostomous 
Bilateral symmetry
Ciliated larval form
Lophophorates-can draw in water
Ciliary feeders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major anatomical characteristics of Amphioxous

A

Larval form similar to adults but no gonads.
Lack paired limbs and jaws
No vertebral column
Nerve cord dorsal to notochord but no brain
Lacks cartilage and bone
V shaped muscle segments and used for swimming
Mouth opens to pharynx
Endostyle located in floor pharynx to trap food particles and move them to intestines. Thought to be development of thyroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MAjor characteristics of urochordates

A

Sessile bag of fluid; w/ 2 hoses [incurrent siphon to pharynx w/ filtration slits & intestine and atriopore to excurrent siphon] CELLULOSE-like polysaccharide-tunicin-unheard of animal kingdom. Dermal epithelium and connective tissue -mantle; use ciliary action to draw water into pharynx through incurrent siphon. MEtamorphosis from tadpole-like larval stage. Larva head adheres to substrate “home” and tail collapses removing notochord and most of nerve cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Adult Urochordata vs. larva

A

Adult has no notochord or nerve cord…has gonads and ganglion though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clade

A

Monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cladistics:

A

The study of clades [monophyletic group made up of common ancestor and all its descendants]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Synapomorphies:

A

Derived characters that are shared by several lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Paraphyletic:

A

Includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polyphyletic:

A

Includes descendants but not the common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cladogram:

A

A diagram that shows a sequential hypothetical EVO. Branching pattern of a group of clades.

26
Q

5 classes of fishes and give examples

A

Agnatha, Acanthodii, placodermii, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes

27
Q

Agnatha:

A

W/o jaws and paired appendages- ostracodermi and cyclostomata

28
Q

Acanthodii

A

Streamlined body 1st of the jawed fishes- gnathostomes

29
Q

Placodermi

A

1st jawed fishes in Gnathostomes: movable joint btw head shield and trunk. Paired pectoral and pelvic fins

30
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Shark, skates, Ray-no bone cartilage only

31
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Paired fins, internal fin skeleton…made of bone

32
Q

Ostracodermi

A

Oldest known vertebrates (570 my)..all extinct. During the Cambrian period. LAcked paired appendages and jaws. Pharyngeal pumping mechanism to draw in currents of water, dermal armor.
Prey not predator

33
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Lacked jaws and paired appendages. More predator like..had pineal gland.round mouth.constant water cycle through mouth.

34
Q

Anadromous

A

Larval grow in freshwater as filter feeders then move into marine environment becoming predators [lampreys]

35
Q

3 major development that set gnathostomes apart from earlier fish?

A

Jaws [development of]
Appendages [paired]
Buoyancy mechanism [lungs/swim bladder]- allows fish to not swim and remain still. Sharks don’t have..

36
Q

Major anatomical characteristic distinguishing sarcopterygians from actinopterygians?

A

Internal fin skeleton..

Sarco: cartilage/bone
Actin: spines

37
Q

WHich Paleozoic era did fishes first appear?

A

Cambrian 570 my

38
Q

Significance of the 3 major morphological developments in gnathostomes:

A

Jaws: were hyostylic (gave rise to ours autostylic)
Paired appendages: fins turned to feet
Buoyancy mechanism: gave rise to lungs for terrestrial states

39
Q

List the four classes of tetrapods

A

Amphibia, reptillia, Aves, Mammalia

40
Q

Early Devonian tetrapods

A

Labyrinthodonts- placed as amphibian

41
Q

What group is thought to have gave rise to modern amphibians ?

A

Temnospondyls during the early Carboniferous

42
Q

Characters of modern amphibians

A

Pedicellate teeth, Cylindrical vertebral centra, and 2 auditory ossicles—–salamanders

43
Q

Characters of devonian Tetrapods

A

Devonian tetrapods represent transition from fish to land animal….tail w/ fin rays, begin to develop breathing nostrils, lungs well-developed, tougher skin, inner ear for sound in air not sound in water

44
Q

3 orders of amphibians

A

Caudates, Anurans, and apodans

45
Q

Caudates

A

“Have a tail” includes salamanders

46
Q

Anurans

A

“Lacking a tail” frogs/toads

47
Q

Apodans

A

“Lacking limbs” caecilians-wormlike

48
Q

Anapsids:

A

No arch in the skull: 2 types—

Cotylosaurs and Chelonia

49
Q

Which one of the anapsids is stem reptile for all other reptiles?

A

Cotylosaurs:

Resembled seymourian tetrapods, May have been several feet in length, dermal armor, skulls more laterally flattened rather than dorsoventrally as in amphibians

50
Q

Distinguishing feature btw 2 grps of dinosaurs?

A

Pelvic girdle:

Ornithischians-tetraradiate pelvic girdle (bird hipped)

Saurischians- Triradiate (lizard hipped)

51
Q

3 subgroups of modern lepidosaurs and skull differences:

A

Diapsid: 2 lateral openings behind orbit—sphenodon

Lizards: Lack Lower arch ventral to lower opening.

Snakes: lack the bony arch seperating the 2 openings

52
Q

Why do dinosaurs form paraphyletic group?

A

It includes the ancestor of birds and dinosaurs but doesn’t include the birds

53
Q

Reptilian characteristics in early birds:

A

Bony tail;
separate fingers w/ claws;
teeth

54
Q

Theory of flight for birds:

A

Probably evolved from bipedal archosaur- flight may have evolved d/t:

Thermal insulation,
Insect-catching, better pursuit of prey/escape, allowed to roost in trees

55
Q

Earliest group of synapsids

A

Pelycosaurs

56
Q

Characteristics shared by mammals and advanced therapsids:

A 
Secondary palate,
Enlarged Dentary bone, 
Teeth and rib differentiation,
Legs pulled in, illium extends forward,
Elongated sacrum, feet well-developed,mandible jaw articulation
57
Q

Mammal characteristics:

A 
Live birth, 
Endothermy, 
Resp. Diaphragm,
4 chamber heart, 
Neocortex,
Double occipital condyle,
Mandible single bone,
Bony secondary palate
Loss of interclavicle
Hair.fur
Mammary glands
58
Q

Earliest mammals:

A

Morganucodonts

59
Q

Morganucodonts dentition:

A

Heterodont dentition w/ tricodont molars

60
Q

3 groups of Modern mammals

A

Monotremes: egg-laying mammals
Marsupials: possum
Placentals: placenta

61
Q

List and describe requirements for terrestrialism:

A

Dessication control: not drying out-pituitary;
Resistance to gravity: vertebra bony;
Changes in organs-special senses: lateral line system-> hearing/eyes;
Nitrogenous waste excretion; reproductive changes

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions