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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 9-Skeletal System > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 9-Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up axial skeleton?

A

Chondrocranium: brain case and capsules for special sense organs

Viscerocranium: Gill arches and jaws

Vertebral column

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2
Q

What makes up appendicular skeleton?

A

Limb girdles [pectoral and pelvic]

Limbs [forelimbs and hindlimbs]

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3
Q

How does the vertebral column epitomize segmentation in vertebrates?

A

The vertebral column consists of a series of segments called vertebrae

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4
Q

This is a flexible cylindrical structure that replaces the notochord of protochordates that is connected to similar cylindrical centra both cranially and caudally.

A

Centrum

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5
Q

This sits on top of the centrum and provides a protective passageway for the spinal cord

A

Neural arch

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6
Q

This projects from the dorsal of the neural arch. And provides a lever arm for muscle attachment

A

Neural spine

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7
Q

This is present on the ventral surface of the centrum of each of the vertebrae-allows for passage of caudal artery and vein

A

Hemal arch

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8
Q

This fills in gaps between adjacent neural arches and protect the spinal cord

A

Intercalary plate

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9
Q

Both ends of centra are concave. This is called:

A

Amphicelous

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10
Q

Precaudal vertebrae

A

Lack a hemal arch

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11
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Possess hemal arches

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12
Q

The vertebrate body plan is tied together by sheets of CT referred to as:

A

Myosepta

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13
Q

Early tetrapod centrum develops from 2 parts:

A

Intercentrum
And
Pleurocentrum

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14
Q

how did the intercentrum change in later tetrapods?

A

The intercentrum reduced to small cranial ventral element to which attached the capitulum [head] of the rib

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15
Q

how did the pleurocentrum change in later tetrapods?

A

Increased in size

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16
Q

Crossopterygians centrum

A

Single large intercentrum- u shaped
And
Smaller pleurocentrum -caudal and dorsal to intercentrum

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17
Q

Stereospondylous labyrinthodonts centrum

A

Centrum derived entirely of intercentrum

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18
Q

Embolomerous labyrinthodonts centrum

A

Intercentrum and pleurocentrum = in size

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19
Q

Salamanders Precaudal vertebrae description

A

One cervical and one sacral vertebrae

Vertebrae between cervical and sacral reduced to about 6-7 in anurans and transverse processes have attachment sites for ribs.

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20
Q

Attaches to the dorsal part of the transverse process (diapophysis)

A

Tuberculum

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21
Q

Attaches to the ventral part of the transverse process (parapophysis)

A

Capitulum

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22
Q

Have Articular facets that face dorsally

A

Cranial [anterior] zygapophyses

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23
Q

Have articular facets that face ventrally

A

Caudally [posterior] zygopophyses

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24
Q

Fish vertebral column characteristics

A
  • centra more ossified
  • neural arch is topped by long neural spine
  • no pelvic/pectoral girdles tied into vertebral column
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25
Q

Fish to shark EVO. Change in vertebral column:

A

The notochord has become an ossified centra [shark]

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26
Q

LAter tetrapod notochord fate:

A

Notochord was completely eliminated or persisted as a slender rod passing through pleurocentrum OR confined to spaces between intercentra

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27
Q

Single caudal vertebrae in anurans

A

Urostyle- modified for Saltatory locomotion–attachment site for muscles for jumping

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28
Q

Tie the pelvic girdle into vertebral column through sacral vertebrae

A

Ilia

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29
Q

Components of typical amniote vertebra:

A

Centrum

Neural and hemal arches [w/ spines]

Transverse processes

Zygapophyses

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30
Q

This functionally replaces the notochord:

A

Centrum- the body of the vertebra

31
Q

Classification of centrum:

A 
Concave or not:
Amphicoelous=both concave
Procoelous=only cranial end is concave
Opisthocoelous=only caudal end is concave
Acoelous=both ends are flat
32
Q

Mammals have what type of centrum:

A

Acoelous- both ends [cranial/caudal] flat

33
Q

Consists of neural spine and diapophyses and lateral/dorsal plates forming neural canal

A

Neural arch

34
Q

Dorsal plates that Meet in the midline to fuse w/ the neural spine

A

Laminae

35
Q

Lateral plates that fuse to the centrum ventrally and to the laminae dorsally to form the transverse processes

A

Pediceles

36
Q

Paired blocks of mesodermal tissue that form along the notochord during embryonic development

A

Somites

37
Q

3 major components of somites:

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

38
Q

Forms the dermis of integument

A

Dermatome

39
Q

Forms axial muscles

A

Myotome

40
Q

Forms parts of the vertebrae

A

Sclerotome

41
Q

Where does atlas-axis complex first appear?

A

Reptiles

42
Q

Reptile vertebra:

A

Cervical vertebrae
Trunk
Sacral vertebrae
Caudal vertebrae

43
Q

Bird vertebrae

A

Cervical vertebrae
Anterior thoracic
Synsacrum
Pygostyle

44
Q

Compare centra of fish to amphibians:

A

Amphibians= less flexible [more terrestrial]

and
more specialized [cervical,trunk,sacral]

45
Q

Single caudal vertebra in anurans

A

Urostyle- used for Saltatory locomotion-jumping motion

46
Q

Sclerotomal breakup in Somite organization:

A
  1. Sclerotome breaks into anterior/posterior portion
  2. posterior of one Somite joins anterior of another.
  3. The gap created (btw the A/P of one Somite) allows nerves to grow out from the neural tube into epaxial segmental musculature (myotome)
47
Q

Mammal vertebrae

A

Centrum- acoelots
Atlas (C1)-no centrum/
Cervical: 3-7
Thoracic: articulation w/ ribs
Lumbar-thicker centra
Sacral-fused in single element[synsacrum]articulates w/ pelvis
Caudal: most mammals-hemal arches [chevron bones]

48
Q

Rib differences: tetrapods, amphibians, reptiles, birds…

A

Tetrapod: dorsal ribs, from skeltogenous septa

Amphibians: reduced

Reptiles: double headed (bicipital)- 8 pairs in turtle fused to carapace

Birds: uncinate processes of one rib overlap next caudal rib to stabilize rib cage for flight.

Mammals: cervical/ thoracic

49
Q

Long bones

A

Femur, tibia, humerus, phalanges

50
Q

Short bones

A

Carpals and tarsals

51
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones of skull cap, dermal bones

52
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, facial bones

53
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Knee cap (patella)

54
Q

Types of depressions:

A

Foramen, groove, fossa

55
Q

Types of processes:

A

Spine, tuberosity, condyle, epicondyle

56
Q

An area where 2 bones meet

A

Joint

57
Q

Where a movable joint is formed:

A

Articulation

58
Q

Only slightly movable joints:

A

Ampiarthrosis and synarthrosis

59
Q

Very movable joint:

A

Diarthrosis

60
Q

Joining material of ampiarthrosis:

A

Cartilage

61
Q

Joining material of synarthrosis

A

Fibrous connective tissue

62
Q

Joining material of diarthrosis:

A

Cartilage

63
Q

2 types of Ampiarthrosis joints:

A

Synchondrosis
And
Symphysis

64
Q

3 types of synarthrosis joints

A

Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis

65
Q

Components of Diarthrosis joints:

A

Articular, fibrous, synovial membrane, synovial cavity

66
Q

Ex symphysis type:

A

Pubic symphysis

67
Q

Ex of synchondrosis:

A

Joined by hyaline cartilage.

Epiphyseal plate

68
Q

Ex suture type

A

Btw bones of skull cap

69
Q

Ex Gomphosis type:

A

Tooth in socket

70
Q

Ex Syndesmosis type:

A

Interosseous membrane

71
Q

Movement in one plane around one axis: and ex:

A

Uniaxial joint

Hinge joints / pivot joints

72
Q

Movement in 2 planes around 2 axes: ex:

A

Biaxial

Ellipsoid (metacarpal-phalangeal)

73
Q

Movement in 3 planes around 3 axes: EX:

A

Triaxial

Glenohumeral [shoulder]
Acetabulofemoral [hip]

74
Q

No axis of rotation: ex:

A

Nonaxial or sliding joint.

Joints btw carpals and tarsals

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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