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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 11-appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 11-appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What species no longer possesses clavicles

A

Holsteans and teleosts

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2
Q

Main pectoral elements in bony fishes [crossopterygians, lung fishes, and chondrosteans]

A

Cleithrum

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3
Q

Composed of both dermal and endochondral components

A

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

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4
Q

Dermal components of the pectoral girdle function:

A

Support endochondral components and articulate them w/ axial skeleton

Provides surfaces for muscle attachment

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5
Q

Dermal components include:

A

Cleithrum

Clavicle

Interclavicle

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6
Q

What’re the components carry the limb articulation such as the glenoid cavity

A

Endochondral

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7
Q

which component of the pectoral girdle Serves as major base attachment for limb muscles

A

Endochondral components

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8
Q

What’re the 3 endochondral components of the pectoral girdle?

A

Procracoid

Coracoid

Scapula

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9
Q

Do Sharks have endochondral and dermal components of the pectoral girdle?

A

No only endochondral components

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10
Q

Main component of the shark pectoral girdle?

A

Coracoid bar

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11
Q

Characteristics of the shark coracoid bar:

A

Carries fin attachment

Typically “u” shaped

Scapular processes sit on top of lateral ends of coracoid

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12
Q

What species lost the clavicle ?

A

Holosteans and teleosts

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13
Q

Fishes w/ clavicles?

A

Nope

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14
Q

Are the dermal components and the dermal skull components attached in tetrapod?

A

No dermal components are seperate from the dermal skull components

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15
Q

Where is the cleithrum in modern tetrapods?

A

There is no cleithrum in any modern forms.

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16
Q

Do tetrapods have interclavicle?

A

Inclavicle appears in fossil amphibians

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17
Q

Clavicles and interclavicles are present in:

A

Lizards and sphenodon

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18
Q

Furculum

A

Clavicles + interclavicle

In birds

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19
Q

Brace wings against sternum

A

Coracoid

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20
Q

Monotremes have clavicles?

A

Yes, interclavicles and clavicles

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21
Q

Do all animals have clavicles ?

A

No clavicles are lost in many animals

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22
Q

What is to note of the lack of connection btw pectoral girdle and skull in fossil and modern amphibians

A

Amphibians allowed for more freedom of movement of head

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23
Q

Cleithrum and clavicle are long slender rods located along anterior margin of scapula in

A

primitive tetrapods

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24
Q

What is the fate of original coracoid bar in tetrapods?

A

Becomes paired

Forms a scapulocoracoid cartilage on each side with a glenoid fossa in the middle

  • -scapula is above the fossa
  • –coracoprecoracoid region is located below fossa
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25
Q

Anuran pectoral girdle:

A

Interclavicle is a new diamond shaped, unpaired element that appears 1st in fossil amphibians but is lost in modern amphibians

Cleithrum is rudimentary in modern anurans

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26
Q

Salamander pectoral girdle:

A

Dermal components are lost in modern salamanders

Much of the endochondral girdle remains unossified

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27
Q

What species amphibian has interclavicle?

A

None it is lost

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28
Q

Frog pectoral consist of dermal and endochondral or just one ?

A

Both endochondral and dermal.

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29
Q

Purpose of the coracoid and clavicles in frog

A

Braces for the forelimbs when the frog lands after jumping

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30
Q

Most reptiles pectoral girdle:

A

Cleithrum disappears early

Endochondral girdle is similar to that of fossil amphibians

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31
Q

The glenoid fossa is formed by articulation of both the scapula and procoracoid, which meet at an angle at the fossa in which 2 species?

A

Crocodillians and dinosaurs

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32
Q

Dermal elements have dissappeared into the plastron

Pectoral girdle is triradiate

A

Turtles

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33
Q
  • Anterior ventral prong
  • Connected to clavicle plate embedded in plastron
  • Posterior ventral prong=porcoracoid.
A

Triradiate pectoral girdle of turtles

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34
Q

Added a true coracoid to pectoral girdle in amniotes

A

Pelycosaurs

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35
Q

PEctoal girdle in amniotes

  • Development of acromion process
  • coracoid process is fully developed in monotremes but is reduced to a coracoid process in other mammals
A

Therapsids and monotremes

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36
Q

PEctoral girdles in amniotes

  • endochondral pectoral girdle similar to dinosaurs
  • coracoid serve as wing brace against sternum
  • clavicle and interclavicle fuse to form furcula “wishbone”
A

Birds

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37
Q

Both paired clavicles and interclavicle are present

A

Primitive mammals- including monotremes

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38
Q
  • Interclavicles are lost
  • clavicles are reduced or lost in running and bounding forms such as ungulates and carnivores
  • bats have elongated clavicles and coracoid process (and elongated forelimbs)
  • entire coracoid plate. Along w/ procoracoid, lost in marsupials and placentals.
A

Other mammals -pectoral girdles in amniotes

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39
Q

Original anterior margin of scapula develops a shelf-like process

A

Scapular spine

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40
Q

Function of acromian process and scapular spine

A

Serve as attachment sites for muscles that were originally attached to coracoid plate

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41
Q

Seperates the supraspinous fossa from the infraspinous fossa

A

Scapular spine

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42
Q

Musculature that was originally attached to coracoid plate has shifted to?

A

The scapula.

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43
Q

Pectoral change from early amphibian to pelycosaurs

A

Pelycosaurs develop acromian process

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44
Q

Allows passage of blood vessels- structure on the scapula

A

Suprascapular notch

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45
Q

Pulls humeral head into glenoid cavity

A

Snubbing

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46
Q

When was cleithrum no longer found in animals? What animal?

A

Cleithrum was not seen again after early reptiles

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47
Q

This bony structure in only some tetrapods:
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals

A

Sternum

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48
Q

What animals was the sternum lost in?

A

Turtles
Snakes
Snakelike lizards

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49
Q

Sternum of urodeles [amphibians]

A

Cartilaginous plate

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50
Q

Sternum of anurans [amphibians]

A

Composed of several elements

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51
Q

Well-developed keel attached to sternum of flying birds

A

Carina

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52
Q

Function of carina:

A

Provides a large SA for attachment of flight muscles

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53
Q

Is there a keel [carina] present on non-flying birds?

A

Keel is reduced or absent in non-flying birds

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54
Q

Carina was present in some pterosaurs this is an example of what?

A

CONVERGENT evo.

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55
Q

Birds w/ a well-developed carina

A

Carinates

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56
Q

Birds w/o well-developed carina

A

Ratites

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57
Q

Pelvic girdle lacks __________________ in all vertebrates

A

Dermal components

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58
Q

Pelvic girdle consists of 3 paired endochondral bones:

A

Pubis
Ischium
Ilium

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59
Q

Located ventral and anterior to 2 other parts of pelvic girdle

A

Pubis

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60
Q

Located ventral and posterior to the other 2 parts of pelvic girdle

A

Ischium

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61
Q

Located dorsal to the other 2 components of pelvic girdle

A

Ilium

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62
Q

What do the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle accomplish?

A

Carrying limb articulation in MOST vertebrates

63
Q

Since Carrying limb articulation in MOST vertebrates is accomplished w/ pelvic girdle where does it articulate?

A

Acetabular fossa

64
Q

What bone articulates w/ sacral vertebra [e] either directly or via sacral ribs

A

Ilium

65
Q

What 2 bones of pelvic girdle are primarily for muscle attachment?

A

Pubis and ischium

66
Q

Bony fish pelvic girdle

A

A pair of ventral triangular plates fused along midline

67
Q

Why is fish pelvic girdle never articulated w/ axial skeleton

A

They don’t walk

68
Q

Shark pelvic girdle:

A

Entirely cartilaginous

69
Q

Main portion of the shark pelvic girdle

A

Puboischiadic bar w/ 2 spurs called the iliac processes

70
Q

Male shark pelvic girdle differs from females how>?

A

Males have claspers for sperm transfer

71
Q

Are the cartilages homologous in shark to tetrapod pelvic girdle?

A

Probably not..

72
Q

The ventral part of the tetrapod pelvic girdle ossified from 2 centers:

A

Puboishiadic plate

73
Q

Function of puboishiadic plate

A

Provides an area of origin of many of the hindlimb muscles

74
Q

An opening btw the pubis and ischium which provides a passageway for a nerve supplying the limb muscles

A

Obturator foramen

75
Q

What nerve passes through obturator foramen

A

Obturator nerve

76
Q

Tetrapod pelvic girdle ilium lies _____ to the other 2 components

A

Dorsal

77
Q

Develops above the puboischiadic plate and forms from all 3 elements except in crocodilians

A

Acetabulum**

78
Q

Ilia are attached to

A

Sacral vertebrae

79
Q

______ and ilium from each side fuse to each other along the midline

A

Pubis

80
Q

The bony opening of pelvic girdle is significant factor in vertebrates why?

A

GI, GU, genital systems

Plays a role in laying large eggs or bear live offspring

81
Q

2 pelvic bones that represent muscle attachemnet points:

A

Ischium and pubis

82
Q

Possess prepubic process:

A

Urodeles- pubis is cartilaginous

83
Q

Frog pelvic girdle is:

A

Ossified

84
Q

Frog: Single slender element in the middle is the caudal vertebra

A

Urostyle

85
Q

Frog: Function of urostyle

A

Used for jumping- large hind legs w/ large muscles that must attach to skeleton

86
Q

Two long slender elements on either side of pelvic girdle in frog:

A

Ilia

87
Q

Frog pubis:

A

Fused

88
Q

How many sacral bones in frog?

A

Single- one only

89
Q

Turtles have what prominent feature of pelvic girdle?

A

Obturator foramen

90
Q

True dinosaurs are divided based on what feature of body?>

A

Pelvic girdle

91
Q

Two different dinosaur groups and their girdle type

A

Saurischians- triradiate

Ornithischians-tetraradiate

92
Q

Lizard like hop dinosaur

A

Saurischians- triradiate

93
Q

Bird like hop dinosaur

A

Ornithischians-tetraradiate

94
Q

Dinosaur pelvic girdle acetabulum

A

Open

95
Q

3 prongs of the triradiate pelvic girdle

A

Pubic bones [fused] and 2 additional ischia

96
Q

4 prongs of tetraradiate pelvic girdle:

A

Pubic bones are separate [2] and 2 ischia bones

97
Q

Ilium extends anteriorly rather than posteriorly/dorsally

A

Mammals and mammal-like reptile

98
Q

Prepubic process may extend anteriorly from the pubic bones to support young in what species?

A

Marsupials

99
Q

This is large opening and may represent the pubioischiadic fenestra found in the pelvic girdles of other tetrapods such as turtles

A

Obturator foramen

100
Q

The passageway for the obturator nerve and artery is found along a groove in the:

A

Superior pubic ramus

101
Q

The obturator foramen is mostly covered by what for the purpose of increasing SA for muscle attachment?

A

Fibrous membrane called obturator membrane

102
Q

In mammalian pelvic girdle, this structure is closed compared to many reptiles, and opens either laterally or lateroventrally.

As w/ most tetrapods it is formed from all 3 pelvic bones:

A

Acetabulum

103
Q

In mammalian pelvic girdle this forms strong joint w/ multiple sacral vertebrae

A

Ilium

104
Q

3 major components of tetrapod limb:

A

Humerus
Ulna
Radius

105
Q

Single, proximal bone of forelimb
Head articulates w/ glenoid fossa of scapula
Distal end articulates w/ ulna (trochlea) and radius (capitulum)

A

Humerus

106
Q

In anatomical position, ulna and radius?

A

ulna and radius are parallel and in same plane w/ ulna lying medial to radius

107
Q

Semilunar notch of ulna forms _______ joint w/ trochlea of humerus.

A

Hinge

108
Q

Olecranon process of ulna serves as ________ ______ for triceps complex.

A

Lever arm

109
Q

concave depression on head (proximal end) rotates on capitulum of humerus.
Narrow neck distal to head spins w/in annular ligament attached to ulna.
Wrist articulation is btw distal radius and proximal bones of carpus.

A

Radius

110
Q

During pronation and supination, ulna is ______, while head of radius radius…:

A

Ulna is fixed; while head of radius spins and distal end of radius rotates over head of ulna

111
Q

Tetrapod hand typically consists of ______ digits w/ varying numbers of phalanges

A

5

112
Q

Phalangeal number may be indicated by listing numbers of phalanges per digit beginning with:

A

Radial side (thumb)

113
Q

Primitive and mammal-like reptiles phalangeal number:

A

2:3:4:5:3

114
Q

Advanced reptiles, modern mammals and human phalangeal number:

A

2:3:3:3:3

115
Q

Whales, extinct marine reptiles phalange also number could reach:

A

13-14 in a single digit. This was useful for swimming

116
Q

Major features of hind elements:

A

Femur
Tibia
Fibula

117
Q

Possesses a greater trochanter.
Many mammals also have 4th trochanter.
Internal trochanter of reptilian______ is replaced by lesser _____ in mammals.

A

Femur

118
Q

This is for the attachement of adductor muscles:

A

Adductor crest

119
Q

The adductor crest is sometimes replaced by the _______ ________ in some mammals.

A

Linea aspera

120
Q

Possesses an anterior crest which forms the anterior border of the shin

A

Tibia

121
Q

What is the name of the anterior crest of the tibia:

A

Cnemial crest

122
Q

Many mammals possess a seperate ______ in hind limb that pays a role along w/ tibia in forming the ankle (tibio-tarsal) joint.

A

Fibula

123
Q

Some mammals have partial or completely fused ___________

A

Tibia and fibula

124
Q

Tetrapods may have evolved from: a

A

Crossopterygian ancestor

125
Q

Tetrapod limb can be traced back to:

A

crossopterygian lobe fin

126
Q

Forelimbs and hind limbs are almost _________

A

Identical

127
Q

Fin bones are arranged by:

A

Sclerotomes

128
Q

Segmental muscle slips grow down from the :

A

Somites

129
Q

3 components of tetrapod limb:

A

Stylopod
Zeugopod
Autopod

130
Q

Proximal single element: humerus or femur-

Articulates w/ girdle

A

Stylopod

131
Q

2 parallel elements: radius (fibula) and ulna (tibia)

A

Zeugopod

132
Q

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

A

Autopod (proximal to distal)

133
Q

Carpals

A

Basipodium

134
Q

Metacarpals /tarsals

A

Metapodium

135
Q

Phalanges

A

Acropodium

136
Q

Evo of tetrapod carpus/tarsus:

A

Reduction in number of bones <12 bones

137
Q

Primitive carpus/tarsus consists of how many elements:

A

12

138
Q

3 proximal elements in tetrapod limb fore and hind:

A

Radiale, intermedium, ulnare in carpus

fibulare, intermedium, and tibiale in tarsus

139
Q

How many centralia in early tetrapod:

A

4

140
Q

HOw many How many carpal/tarsal in early tetrapod:

A

5 distal carpalia/tarsalia

141
Q

In the forelimb of early tetrapod: the centralia are always:

A

Reduced

142
Q

Never more than ____ centralia in primitive reptiles

A

2; in fact single central is common reptilan and mammalian pattern.

143
Q

______ distal carpal element is typically lost

A

Fifth

144
Q

Phalangeal formula for both primitive and mammal-like reptiles =

A

2:3:4:5:3

145
Q

Advanced reptile pahlanegal formula=

A

2:3:3:3:3

146
Q

Phalangeal formula is as high as 13-14 in a single digit.

A

Hyperphalangy

147
Q

What type of evo is found in tetrapod limbs:

A

Convergent

148
Q

3 components of hind limb comprising ankle:

A

tibiale + intermedium + centrale

149
Q

Reptiles have what difference in ankle joint than humans:

A

Intratarsal joint; humans articulate from tibia to talus

150
Q

Foot movement occurs btw astragalus and the calcaneus

A

Crocodilians

151
Q

astragalus and calcaneus are closely attached to the fibula and the tibia, and distal tarsals are joined to the metatarsals in what animals:

A

In dinaosaurs and birds

152
Q

Ungulate are hoofed mammals what is the tendency in evo in forelimbs and hindlimbs:

A

Reduction of the digits

153
Q

Odd numbered digits in ungulates

A

Perissodactyls-horse, rhinoceros

154
Q

Even numbered digits in ungulates

A

Artiodactyls -camels, pigs, sheep

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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