Lectures 2,4 And 5 Flashcards
Why does diversity matter for organizations?
- better and specific knowledge of marketplace
- Better utalization of talent
- more creativity, innovation and problem solving
This is much more deep-level diversity
What is inclusion?
Sense of belonging and a feeling that you are respected and accepted.
What does Schwarz’ value model do?
It measures the relative importance of value differences between individuals. It consists of 10 values.
Name the four perspectives on composing the team?
- Hire best individual for each postion
- Talent is not everything, teamwork matters
- Talent of SOME members more important than of others (strategic core roles)
- Configuration of members’ characteristics impacts team effectiveness.
Elements of an effective team?
- Productivity output
- team viability: increased ability to perform as unit
- Satisfactions and learning for team members
What are strategic core roles?
These are roles within an organization that are central to the workflow and hold more exposure to tasks and problems. Talent of core role holders is more important than talent of non-core holders.
Describe the two views on a team forming perspective focusing on team diversity?
- Optimistic view: more knowledge and information–> Better information processing
- Pessimistic view: social categorization and intergroup bias–> Diversity bad for performance and team viability
What is intergroup bias?
Bias that those of our in-group are more favourably perceived than those of the out-group.
What are the components of a mission analysis?
- Identify tasks
- Understand context
- Identify available resources
- Diagnose prior performance and understand causes of outcomes
What are the steps in strategy formulation and planning?
- Plan course of action
- Distribute roles and responsibilities
- Set expectations
What is the Ringelmann effect?
Ringelmann found that the bigger the group, the less the average effort was. This is often during additive tasks = Outcome = sum of individual contributions. Effort is dispensable
What is the Köhler effect?
Köhler found that the bigger the group the more effort was exerted. This was the case with conjunctive tasks: outcome = contribution weakest member. Effort is indispensable
How to avoid free-riding?
- Increae intrinsic interest
- Increase team-efficacy
- Fit team so that every member has unique skills
- Make individual contributions distringuishable
- Increase team cohesion.
Name the different types of conflict
- Relationship conflict: awareness interpersonal differences
- Task conflict: different viewpoints
- Process conflict: different ideas on how to tackle problems and task
What is epistemic motivation?
A willingness to think in order to understand the issue
What is social motivation?
Degree to which members care more about their individual or collective outcomes
What is perception?
Process in which sensory impressions are organized and interpreted to give meaning to the environment. This perception of reality in turn influences behavior.
What is attribution theory’s main premise?
The main premise is that individuals try to determine whether behaviour is internally or externally caused:
- Internal attribution
- External attribution
Which factors determine whether behaviour is internally or externally attributed?
- Consistency
- Distinctiveness: different behaviour in different situations
- Consensus: same behaviour of others in same situation
Errors of attribution theory?
- Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate influence internal factors and underestimate influence of external factors.
- Self-serving bias: success is attributed to internal factors
What are heuristics?
These are cognitive shortcuts and simple rules for making judgments and decisions while ignoring a lot of information.
Name three meta-biases resulting in decision biases
- Availability shortcut
- Self-enhancement
- Illusion of control
What are examples of the availability shortcut?
- Retrievability bias
- Anchoring and adjustment bias
- Representativeness bias
What is the retrievability bias?
Making frequency judgments based on the ease with which one can retrieve examples
What is the anchoring and adjustment bias?
Tendency to fixate on an initial piece of information and not adjust sufficiently to subsequent information
What is the representativeness bias?
Tendency to overestimate how often stereotypical cases present themselves
What is the better-than-average effect?
Tendency to evaluate yourself better than average on desirable characteristics
What is the illusion of control?
Belief that the world can be understood and controlled in greater degree than it actually can
