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Neuroscience > Lectures 2 & 3: Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lectures 2 & 3: Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the nuclei of cranial nerve III-XII?

A

Brainstem

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2
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A

1: Olfactory
2: Optic
3: Oculomotor
4: Trochlear
5: Trigeminal
6: Abducens
7: Facial
8: Auditory: vestibular/cochlear
9: Glossopharyngeal
10: Vagus
11: Spinal accessory
12: Hypoglossal

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3
Q

What can a cranial nerve do?

A

Function solely for sensation or motor

Function as a combination of sensory, motor, and autonomic

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4
Q

What nerves function as sensory only?

A

I, II, VIII

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5
Q

What nerves function as motor only?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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6
Q

What nerves function as mixed sensory and motor?

A

V, VII, IX, X

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7
Q

What nerves function as autonomic?

A

III, VII, IX, X

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8
Q

What are the general somatic sensory/afferent nerves?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

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9
Q

What are the special somatic sensory/afferent nerves?

A

2, 8

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10
Q

What are the special somatic sensory/afferent nerves responsible for?

A

Sight and hearing

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11
Q

What are the general visceral sensory/afferent nerves?

A

7, 9, 10

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12
Q

What are the special visceral sensory/afferent nerves?

A

1, 7, 9, 10

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13
Q

What are the special visceral sensory/afferent nerves responsible for?

A

Smell and taste

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14
Q

What are the general somatic motor/efferent nerves?

A

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

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15
Q

What are the general visceral motor/efferent nerves?

A

3, 7, 9, 10, (+/-) 11

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16
Q

Which nerve does sensation to the face?

A

5

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17
Q

Which nerves share the solitary tract and nucleus?

A

7, 9, 10

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18
Q

Which nerves share nucleus ambiguus?

A

9, 10, 11

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19
Q

What is the olfactory nerve made of?

A

Biopolar neurons

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20
Q

How are the bipolar neurons replaced?

A

Stem cells

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21
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve come from?

A

Olfactory mucosa and vomeronasal organ

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22
Q

What is special about the pathway between the olfactory mucosa and vomeronasal organ?

A

It is the only pathway that does not pass through the thalamus

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23
Q

What does the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribriform plate

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24
Q

What is the synapse of the olfactory nerve on?

A

Olfactory bulb neurons

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25
What happens when the olfactory nerve hits the olfactory bulb neurons?
Send axons caudally via lateral and medial olfactory tract
26
Where does the olfactory nerve terminate?
In the piriform lobe for olfactory perception and hypothalamus OR reticular formation for behavior and emotion
27
Is the optic nerve an actual nerve?
Not technically. It is truly a tract
28
Since the optic nerve is truly a tract and not a nerve, the myelin is placed by which cell?
Oligodendrocytes
29
What axons come together to form the optic nerve?
Rods (night vision) and cones (color vision)
30
How does the optic nerve enter the skull?
Via optic foramen and canal
31
What forms the optic chiasm?
Right and left optic nerve come together in front of hypophysis
32
What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in primates?
50%
33
What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in cats?
65%
34
What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in dogs?
75%
35
What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in ungulates?
80-90%
36
What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in fish?
100%
37
What does the optic nerve become once it crosses to the other side?
Optic tract
38
What is the post chiasm pathway?
Optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus OR optic tract to midbrain for reflex pathways
39
What type of species have more laterally placed eyes? Why?
Prey Giving them a wide field of view Greater percentage of fibers decussating at the chiasm Poor binocular vision
40
What is the vision of predators like?
Smaller field of view | Better binocular vision due to decrease decussation
41
What cranial nerves control the extra-ocular muscles?
3, 4, 6
42
What muscles does cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor) innervate?
Dorsal, medial, ventral recti | Ventral oblique
43
What muscle does cranial nerve 4 (trochlear) innervate?
Dorsal oblique
44
What muscles does cranial nerve 6 (abducens) innervate?
Lateral rectus | Retractor bulbi
45
What are the 2 nuclei of the oculomotor nerve?
Oculomotor motor nucleus and parasympathetic nucleus of CN3 in the midbrain
46
Where does the oculomotor go through the skull?
Orbital fissure
47
What are the 2 parts of the oculomotor nerve?
Somatic motor and parasympathetic motor
48
What muscles does the somatic oculomotor nerve innervate?
``` Levator palpable superioris Dorsal rectus Medial rectus Ventral rectus Ventral oblique ```
49
Where is the nucleus of the parasympathetic oculomotor nerve located?
In midbrain rostral to somatic oculomotor nucleus
50
What is the nucleus of the trochlear nerve?
Motor nucleus in midbrain
51
Where does the trochlear motor run?
On the dorsal aspect of brain stem and decussates
52
The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve to do certain things. What are those things?
Exit from the brainstem dorsally | Innervate muscles solely on opposite side from its nucleus
53
Where does the trochlear nerve go through the skull?
Orbital fissure
54
What does the somatic motor of the trochlear nerve innervate?
Dorsal oblique
55
Where is the motor nucleus of the abducens nerve?
In rostral medulla
56
Where does the abducens nerve go through the skull?
Orbital fissure
57
What muscles does the abducens nerve innervate?
Lateral rectus | Retractor bulbi
58
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalamic (GSA) Maxillary (GSA) Mandibular (GSA, GSE)
59
Where is the motor nucleus of CN 5?
Pons
60
What does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?
Masticatory muscles
61
What are the muscles that the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates?
``` Temporalis Masseter Pterygoid Mylohyoideus Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini Digastricus ```
62
Where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve go through the skull?
Oval foramen (inside) and caudal alar foramen (outside)
63
Where does the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve go through the skull?
Orbital fissure
64
Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve of through the skull?
Round foramen (inside) and rostral alar foramen (outside)
65
Where is the trigeminal ganglia located?
In the trigeminal canal at the apex of the petrous temporal bone inside the skull
66
What are the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and where are they located?
Mesencephalic, pontine, and spinal sensory nuclei located from midbrain through brainstem
67
Where does the trigeminal nerve decussate and travel to?
Somatosensory cortex via trigemina lemniscus and thalamus OR other brainstem nuclei for reflex activity
68
What are the actions of the facial nerve?
Somatic motor Parasympathetic sensation Parasympathetic motor
69
Where does the sensory portion of the facial nerve occur?
Concave surfaces of ear and ear canal
70
What does the somatic motor of the facial nerve innervate?
Muscles of facial expression, orbicularis oculi, caudal diagstricus, and stapedius
71
Where is the motor nucleus of the facial nerve located?
Medulla
72
Where does the facial nerve go through the skull?
Internal acoustic meatus to facial canal in petrosal portion of the temporal bone
73
Where does the facial nerve out of the skull?
Via stylomastoid foramen at base of the external ear canal
74
What does the parasympathetic sensation of the facial nerve do?
Taste palate and rostral 2/3 of tongue (SVA) | Middle ear and blood vessels of the head (GVA)
75
What is the nucleus of the facial nerve and where is it located?
Solitary tract and nucleus in the brainstem
76
What is the ganglion of cranial nerve 7?
Geniculate ganglion
77
What are the ganglia of cranial nerve 7?
Pterygopalatine, mandibular, and sublingual ganglia
78
What are the salivary glands innervated by cranial nerve 7?
Lacrimal and nasal glands Mandibular glands Sublingual glands
79
How do sound waves travel?
Through the external ear and hit the tympanic membrane, where sound waves are converted into mechanical vibrations via the malleus---incus ---- stapes of middle ear--- vestibular/oval window of cochlea of inner ear
80
What do vibration from vestibular window cause?
Swaying of "hair cell" of cochlea
81
Where are the cochlear nerve cell bodies of cranial nerve 8?
Spiral ganglion
82
What does the cochlear nerve go through?
Internal acoustic meatus
83
Where are the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the cochlear nerve located?
Medulla
84
What can the cochlear nerve travel to?
Lateral lemniscus to thalamus to auditory cortex of temporal lobe OR To midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord for reflex activity
85
What are the receptors of the vestibular nerve?
Hair cells in the remaining parts of the inner ear (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals)
86
What do the vestibular receptors respond to?
Movement and velocity of the head
87
What are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve?
Vestibular ganglion
88
Where do the axons of the vestibular nerve go to?
Vestibular nuclei in medulla | Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum
89
Where can the vestibular nerve travel to?
Spine for balance OR To extra ocular muscle CN nuclei for conjugate eye movement via medial longitudinal fasciculus
90
What is the nucleus of the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Nucleus ambiguus in medulla (most rostral aspect)
91
Where does the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve come out?
Via jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure
92
What does the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
Pharyngeal muscles
93
What does the parasympathetic sensation of the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
Taste from mucosa of pharynx and caudal 1/3 tongue (SVA) | Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors from carotid sinus and body (GVA)
94
What is the ganglia of CN 9?
Distal ganglia
95
What does the parasympathetic sensation of CN 9 go through?
Tympanoocipital fissure and jugular foramen
96
What is the nucleus of CN 9?
Solitary tract and nucleus in the medulla
97
Where is the nucleus of the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?
Medulla
98
What is the ganglion of the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?
Otic ganglion
99
What are the salivary glands involved with the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?
Parotid and zygomatic
100
What is the nucleus of CN 10?
Nucleus ambiguus in medulla (middle)
101
Where does the somatic motor of CN 10 come out?
Jugular foramen and trympanoocipital fissure
102
What does CN 10 innervate?
Palate Pharynx Esophagus Larynx
103
What do the parasympathetic sensation of the vagus nerve do?
Pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal cavities (GVA) | Taste caudal pharynx and larynx (SVA)
104
What is the ganglia of CN 10?
Distal
105
What does the vagus nerve go through?
Typanooccipital fissure and jugular foramen
106
What is nucleus of CN 10?
Solitary tract and nucleus in medulla
107
Where is the nucleus of CN 10?
Medulla (parasympathetic nucleus of CN 10)
108
Where does the parasympathetic motor of CN 10 go out?
Jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure
109
What does the paraasympathetic motor of the vagus nerve go to?
Various peripheral ganglia to innervate blood vessels, cardiac and smooth muscles and glands of thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as pharynx
110
What is the nucleus of the somatic motor of the internal branch of the spinal accessory nerve?
Caudal aspect of nucleus ambiguus in medulla
111
What does the internal branch spinal accessory nerve join?
Vagus nerve for larynx and esophagus via recurrent laryngeal nerve
112
What is the nucleus of the external branch of CN 11?
Accessory nucleus of C1-8
113
Where do the spinal roots of the external branch of CN 11 travel?
Cranially through foramen magnum
114
Where does the external branch of CN 11 exit?
Jugular foramen and tympanoocipital fissure
115
What does the exteernal branch of CN 11 innervate?
``` Trapezius Sternocephalicus Cleidocephalicus Cleidocervicalis Cleidomastoideus Sternomastoideus ```
116
What is the parasympathetic motor of CN 11?
Internal branch
117
Where does the parasympathetic motor of CN 11 exit?
Via jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure
118
What does the parasympathetic motor of CN 11 innervate?
Esophagus and larynx
119
Where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve?
Medulla (hypoglossal motor nucleus)
120
What does CN 12 go through?
Hypoglossal canal of the skull
121
What muscles does CN 12 innervate?
Skeletal muscles of the tongue

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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