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Neuroscience > Lectures 2 & 3: Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lectures 2 & 3: Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the nuclei of cranial nerve III-XII?

A

Brainstem

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2
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A

1: Olfactory
2: Optic
3: Oculomotor
4: Trochlear
5: Trigeminal
6: Abducens
7: Facial
8: Auditory: vestibular/cochlear
9: Glossopharyngeal
10: Vagus
11: Spinal accessory
12: Hypoglossal

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3
Q

What can a cranial nerve do?

A

Function solely for sensation or motor

Function as a combination of sensory, motor, and autonomic

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4
Q

What nerves function as sensory only?

A

I, II, VIII

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5
Q

What nerves function as motor only?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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6
Q

What nerves function as mixed sensory and motor?

A

V, VII, IX, X

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7
Q

What nerves function as autonomic?

A

III, VII, IX, X

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8
Q

What are the general somatic sensory/afferent nerves?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

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9
Q

What are the special somatic sensory/afferent nerves?

A

2, 8

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10
Q

What are the special somatic sensory/afferent nerves responsible for?

A

Sight and hearing

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11
Q

What are the general visceral sensory/afferent nerves?

A

7, 9, 10

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12
Q

What are the special visceral sensory/afferent nerves?

A

1, 7, 9, 10

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13
Q

What are the special visceral sensory/afferent nerves responsible for?

A

Smell and taste

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14
Q

What are the general somatic motor/efferent nerves?

A

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

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15
Q

What are the general visceral motor/efferent nerves?

A

3, 7, 9, 10, (+/-) 11

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16
Q

Which nerve does sensation to the face?

A

5

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17
Q

Which nerves share the solitary tract and nucleus?

A

7, 9, 10

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18
Q

Which nerves share nucleus ambiguus?

A

9, 10, 11

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19
Q

What is the olfactory nerve made of?

A

Biopolar neurons

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20
Q

How are the bipolar neurons replaced?

A

Stem cells

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21
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve come from?

A

Olfactory mucosa and vomeronasal organ

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22
Q

What is special about the pathway between the olfactory mucosa and vomeronasal organ?

A

It is the only pathway that does not pass through the thalamus

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23
Q

What does the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribriform plate

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24
Q

What is the synapse of the olfactory nerve on?

A

Olfactory bulb neurons

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25
Q

What happens when the olfactory nerve hits the olfactory bulb neurons?

A

Send axons caudally via lateral and medial olfactory tract

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26
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve terminate?

A

In the piriform lobe for olfactory perception and hypothalamus OR reticular formation for behavior and emotion

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27
Q

Is the optic nerve an actual nerve?

A

Not technically. It is truly a tract

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28
Q

Since the optic nerve is truly a tract and not a nerve, the myelin is placed by which cell?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

What axons come together to form the optic nerve?

A

Rods (night vision) and cones (color vision)

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30
Q

How does the optic nerve enter the skull?

A

Via optic foramen and canal

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31
Q

What forms the optic chiasm?

A

Right and left optic nerve come together in front of hypophysis

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32
Q

What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in primates?

A

50%

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33
Q

What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in cats?

A

65%

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34
Q

What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in dogs?

A

75%

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35
Q

What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in ungulates?

A

80-90%

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36
Q

What percentage of the optic nerve decussates (cross to the other side) and becomes the optic tract in fish?

A

100%

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37
Q

What does the optic nerve become once it crosses to the other side?

A

Optic tract

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38
Q

What is the post chiasm pathway?

A

Optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus OR optic tract to midbrain for reflex pathways

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39
Q

What type of species have more laterally placed eyes? Why?

A

Prey
Giving them a wide field of view
Greater percentage of fibers decussating at the chiasm
Poor binocular vision

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40
Q

What is the vision of predators like?

A

Smaller field of view

Better binocular vision due to decrease decussation

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41
Q

What cranial nerves control the extra-ocular muscles?

A

3, 4, 6

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42
Q

What muscles does cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor) innervate?

A

Dorsal, medial, ventral recti

Ventral oblique

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43
Q

What muscle does cranial nerve 4 (trochlear) innervate?

A

Dorsal oblique

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44
Q

What muscles does cranial nerve 6 (abducens) innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

Retractor bulbi

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45
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Oculomotor motor nucleus and parasympathetic nucleus of CN3 in the midbrain

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46
Q

Where does the oculomotor go through the skull?

A

Orbital fissure

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47
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor and parasympathetic motor

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48
Q

What muscles does the somatic oculomotor nerve innervate?

A 
Levator palpable superioris 
Dorsal rectus
Medial rectus
Ventral rectus
Ventral oblique
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49
Q

Where is the nucleus of the parasympathetic oculomotor nerve located?

A

In midbrain rostral to somatic oculomotor nucleus

50
Q

What is the nucleus of the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor nucleus in midbrain

51
Q

Where does the trochlear motor run?

A

On the dorsal aspect of brain stem and decussates

52
Q

The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve to do certain things. What are those things?

A

Exit from the brainstem dorsally

Innervate muscles solely on opposite side from its nucleus

53
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve go through the skull?

A

Orbital fissure

54
Q

What does the somatic motor of the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

Dorsal oblique

55
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of the abducens nerve?

A

In rostral medulla

56
Q

Where does the abducens nerve go through the skull?

A

Orbital fissure

57
Q

What muscles does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

Retractor bulbi

58
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalamic (GSA)
Maxillary (GSA)
Mandibular (GSA, GSE)

59
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of CN 5?

60
Q

What does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A

Masticatory muscles

61
Q

What are the muscles that the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates?

A 
Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygoid
Mylohyoideus
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
Digastricus
62
Q

Where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve go through the skull?

A

Oval foramen (inside) and caudal alar foramen (outside)

63
Q

Where does the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve go through the skull?

A

Orbital fissure

64
Q

Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve of through the skull?

A

Round foramen (inside) and rostral alar foramen (outside)

65
Q

Where is the trigeminal ganglia located?

A

In the trigeminal canal at the apex of the petrous temporal bone inside the skull

66
Q

What are the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and where are they located?

A

Mesencephalic, pontine, and spinal sensory nuclei located from midbrain through brainstem

67
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve decussate and travel to?

A

Somatosensory cortex via trigemina lemniscus and thalamus OR other brainstem nuclei for reflex activity

68
Q

What are the actions of the facial nerve?

A

Somatic motor
Parasympathetic sensation
Parasympathetic motor

69
Q

Where does the sensory portion of the facial nerve occur?

A

Concave surfaces of ear and ear canal

70
Q

What does the somatic motor of the facial nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of facial expression, orbicularis oculi, caudal diagstricus, and stapedius

71
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of the facial nerve located?

72
Q

Where does the facial nerve go through the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus to facial canal in petrosal portion of the temporal bone

73
Q

Where does the facial nerve out of the skull?

A

Via stylomastoid foramen at base of the external ear canal

74
Q

What does the parasympathetic sensation of the facial nerve do?

A

Taste palate and rostral 2/3 of tongue (SVA)

Middle ear and blood vessels of the head (GVA)

75
Q

What is the nucleus of the facial nerve and where is it located?

A

Solitary tract and nucleus in the brainstem

76
Q

What is the ganglion of cranial nerve 7?

A

Geniculate ganglion

77
Q

What are the ganglia of cranial nerve 7?

A

Pterygopalatine, mandibular, and sublingual ganglia

78
Q

What are the salivary glands innervated by cranial nerve 7?

A

Lacrimal and nasal glands
Mandibular glands
Sublingual glands

79
Q

How do sound waves travel?

A

Through the external ear and hit the tympanic membrane, where sound waves are converted into mechanical vibrations via the malleus—incus —- stapes of middle ear— vestibular/oval window of cochlea of inner ear

80
Q

What do vibration from vestibular window cause?

A

Swaying of “hair cell” of cochlea

81
Q

Where are the cochlear nerve cell bodies of cranial nerve 8?

A

Spiral ganglion

82
Q

What does the cochlear nerve go through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

83
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the cochlear nerve located?

84
Q

What can the cochlear nerve travel to?

A

Lateral lemniscus to thalamus to auditory cortex of temporal lobe OR To midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord for reflex activity

85
Q

What are the receptors of the vestibular nerve?

A

Hair cells in the remaining parts of the inner ear (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals)

86
Q

What do the vestibular receptors respond to?

A

Movement and velocity of the head

87
Q

What are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve?

A

Vestibular ganglion

88
Q

Where do the axons of the vestibular nerve go to?

A

Vestibular nuclei in medulla

Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

89
Q

Where can the vestibular nerve travel to?

A

Spine for balance OR To extra ocular muscle CN nuclei for conjugate eye movement via medial longitudinal fasciculus

90
Q

What is the nucleus of the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Nucleus ambiguus in medulla (most rostral aspect)

91
Q

Where does the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve come out?

A

Via jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure

92
Q

What does the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Pharyngeal muscles

93
Q

What does the parasympathetic sensation of the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Taste from mucosa of pharynx and caudal 1/3 tongue (SVA)

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors from carotid sinus and body (GVA)

94
Q

What is the ganglia of CN 9?

A

Distal ganglia

95
Q

What does the parasympathetic sensation of CN 9 go through?

A

Tympanoocipital fissure and jugular foramen

96
Q

What is the nucleus of CN 9?

A

Solitary tract and nucleus in the medulla

97
Q

Where is the nucleus of the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?

98
Q

What is the ganglion of the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?

A

Otic ganglion

99
Q

What are the salivary glands involved with the parasympathetic motor of CN 9?

A

Parotid and zygomatic

100
Q

What is the nucleus of CN 10?

A

Nucleus ambiguus in medulla (middle)

101
Q

Where does the somatic motor of CN 10 come out?

A

Jugular foramen and trympanoocipital fissure

102
Q

What does CN 10 innervate?

A

Palate
Pharynx
Esophagus
Larynx

103
Q

What do the parasympathetic sensation of the vagus nerve do?

A

Pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal cavities (GVA)

Taste caudal pharynx and larynx (SVA)

104
Q

What is the ganglia of CN 10?

105
Q

What does the vagus nerve go through?

A

Typanooccipital fissure and jugular foramen

106
Q

What is nucleus of CN 10?

A

Solitary tract and nucleus in medulla

107
Q

Where is the nucleus of CN 10?

A

Medulla (parasympathetic nucleus of CN 10)

108
Q

Where does the parasympathetic motor of CN 10 go out?

A

Jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure

109
Q

What does the paraasympathetic motor of the vagus nerve go to?

A

Various peripheral ganglia to innervate blood vessels, cardiac and smooth muscles and glands of thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as pharynx

110
Q

What is the nucleus of the somatic motor of the internal branch of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Caudal aspect of nucleus ambiguus in medulla

111
Q

What does the internal branch spinal accessory nerve join?

A

Vagus nerve for larynx and esophagus via recurrent laryngeal nerve

112
Q

What is the nucleus of the external branch of CN 11?

A

Accessory nucleus of C1-8

113
Q

Where do the spinal roots of the external branch of CN 11 travel?

A

Cranially through foramen magnum

114
Q

Where does the external branch of CN 11 exit?

A

Jugular foramen and tympanoocipital fissure

115
Q

What does the exteernal branch of CN 11 innervate?

A 
Trapezius
Sternocephalicus
Cleidocephalicus
Cleidocervicalis
Cleidomastoideus
Sternomastoideus
116
Q

What is the parasympathetic motor of CN 11?

A

Internal branch

117
Q

Where does the parasympathetic motor of CN 11 exit?

A

Via jugular foramen and tympanooccipital fissure

118
Q

What does the parasympathetic motor of CN 11 innervate?

A

Esophagus and larynx

119
Q

Where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Medulla (hypoglossal motor nucleus)

120
Q

What does CN 12 go through?

A

Hypoglossal canal of the skull

121
Q

What muscles does CN 12 innervate?

A

Skeletal muscles of the tongue

Neuroscience (18 decks)

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