Lab Practical

Question 1

What are the 3 sections of the skull?

Answer 1

Rostral cranial fossa
Middle cranial ofssa
Caudal cranial fossa

Question 2

What are the demarcations/what is located within the rostral cranial fossa?

Answer 2

Everything from cribriform plate to optic chiasm

Olfactory bulbs are here

Question 3

What are the demarcations/what is located within the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 3

Optic chiasm to sella turcica

Many cranial nerves are here

Question 4

What are the demarcations/what is located within the caudal cranial fossa?

Answer 4

Cerebellum, medulla, and pons to foramen magnum

Question 5

What is the Monro-Kellie Doctrine?

Answer 5

Fixed cavity with CSF, brain parenchyma, and blood living in ventricles. An increase in one of these puts pressure on the others

Question 6

What comes through the cribriform plate?

Answer 6

Olfactory

Question 7

What comes through the optic canal?

Answer 7

Optic nerve

Question 8

What comes through the orbital fissure?

Answer 8

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal

Question 9

What comes through the rostral alar foramen?

Answer 9

Maxillary branch of trigeminal

Question 10

What comes through the round foramen?

Answer 10

Maxillary branch of trigeminal

Question 11

What does through the oval foramen?

Answer 11

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

Question 12

What comes through the trigeminal canal?

Answer 12

Trigeminal nerve

Question 13

What comes through the stylomastoid foramen?

Answer 13

Facial nerve

Question 14

What comes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 14

Facial nerve

Auditory: Vestibular/cochlear

Question 15

What comes through the tympano-occipital fissure?

Answer 15

9, 10, 11

Question 16

What comes through the jugular foramen?

Answer 16

9, 10, 11

Question 17

What comes through the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

What comes through the foramen magnum?

Answer 18

Spinal cord

11

Question 19

What are the layers of meninges from outside to inside?

Answer 19

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 20

What is unique between between the dura mater in the skull vs the spinal cord?

Answer 20

Skull is a potential space

Spinal cord is an epidural space filled with fat

Question 21

Where does CSF live?

Answer 21

Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 22

Where can you collect CSF in the dog?

Answer 22

Cisternal cistern

Lumbar cistern

Question 23

What does the falx cerebri do?

Answer 23

Separates the cerebrum into 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 24

What vasculature structure is present in the falx cerebri?

Answer 24

Dorsal sagittal sinus, which is where the arachnoid villi live (CSF reabsorbed here)

Question 25

What separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

Answer 25

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 26

What is found in the cerebrum?

Answer 26

``` Corpus callosum Lateral ventricle White matter Gray matter Olfactory bulb/ CN 1 ```

Question 27

What is found in the thalamus?

Answer 27

``` Interthalamic adhesion Third ventricle Pituitary CN 2 Optic chiasm Medial geniculate nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus Optic tract ```

Question 28

What does the 3rd ventricle surround?

Answer 28

Interthalamic ahdhesion

Question 29

What is found in the midbrain/mesencephalon?

Answer 29

Rostral colliculi Caudal colliculi Tegmentum Mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 30

What cranial nerves are found in the tegmentum?

Answer 30

3 and 4

Question 31

What makes up the metencephalon?

Answer 31

Cerebellum Pons 4th ventricle

Question 32

What is found in the pons?

Answer 32

Transverse fibers of the pons | CN 5

Question 33

What cranial nerves are found in the myelencephalon/medulla?

Answer 33

6-12

Question 34

What is found in the myelencephalon?

Answer 34

Trapezoid body Pyramids 4th ventricle

Question 35

What exits the lateral vertebral foramen?

Answer 35

Cervical nerve 1

Question 36

What exits the transverse vertebral foramen?

Answer 36

Vertebral artery and vein

Question 37

What is unique about the C1-2 joint that sets it apart from all other intervertebral joints?

Answer 37

It's a synovial joint with no IV disc

Question 38

What ligaments connect C1-C2?

Answer 38

``` Transverse ligament Apical ligament of dens Alar ligament Dorsal atlanto-axial ligament Atlanto-axial joint capsule ```

Question 39

What connects to the dorsal caudal surface of C2 in the dog?

Answer 39

Nuchal ligament

Question 40

Where does the nuchal ligament come from?

Answer 40

C2 to T1

Question 41

Does the cat have a nuchal ligament?

Answer 41

No

Question 42

What sets C6 apart from the other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 42

Large transverse processes

Question 43

What process is located dorsal to an intervertebral foramen?

Answer 43

Accessory process

Question 44

What exits/enters through an intervertebral foramen?

Answer 44

Spinal nerves

Question 45

What is the anticlinal space?

Answer 45

The disc space between T10 and 11

Question 46

Why are disk extrusions less likely from T1-T10?

Answer 46

There are intercapital ligaments

Question 47

What does the sacrum articulate with?

Answer 47

Ilial wings L7 Cd 1

Question 48

What exits the dorsal sacral foramina?

Answer 48

Dorsal branches of the first 2 sacral spinal nerves

Question 49

What exits the pelvic sacral foramina?

Answer 49

Ventral branches of the first 2 sacral spinal nerves

Question 50

What ligaments connects between spinous processes?

Answer 50

Interspinous ligament | Supraspinous ligament

Question 51

What ligament runs on the dorsal and ventral surface of the vertebral body?

Answer 51

Dorsal longitudinal ligament | Ventral longitudinal ligament

Question 52

What are the muscles located dorsal to the transverse processes?

Answer 52

Epaxial (iliocostalis system, transversospinalis system, longissimus system)

Question 53

What muscles are located ventral to the vertebral body/transverse process? In the cervical vertebra?

Answer 53

Hypaxial muscles | Longus capitis, longus coli

Question 54

What are the histologic stains available to evaluate the brain?

Answer 54

H and E Cresyl violet Luxol fast blue Immunohistochemistry stains (glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament)

Question 55

What does cresol violet do?

Answer 55

Evaluate neuronal cell body numbers and features

Question 56

What does luxe fast blue do?

Answer 56

Stains myelin in the white matter

Question 57

What does glial fibrillary acidic protein do?

Answer 57

Stains astrocytes

Question 58

What does neurofilament do?

Answer 58

Detects neurons and their processes