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Neuroscience > Exam 4: Behavior > Flashcards

Exam 4: Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are the neurotransmitters in the brain?

A 
Glutamate
GABA
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
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2
Q

Describe glutamate

A

Excitatory

When stressed, this is secreted which enhances memory

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3
Q

Describe GABA

A

Inhibitory

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4
Q

Describe dopamine

A

Reward and reinforcement

Short-term memory and problem solving

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5
Q

What are the structures in the brain that play a key role in learning?

A 
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
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6
Q

Describe VTA

A

Found in midbrain

Release dopamine into the reward circuit

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7
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Emotions

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8
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens responsible for?

A

Body motor function

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9
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Focus, attention, planning

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10
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Formation of memories
Main region where learning occurs
New neurons born throughout adulthood

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11
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A

Non-associative learning

Associative learning

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12
Q

Describe non-associative learinging

A

Habituation and sensitization
One of the most widespread forms of learning
All animal shoe habituation
Response to certain stimuli is influenced by breed, species, and past experiences

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13
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in responsiveness produced by repeated exposure to a novel/neutral stimulus in environment

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14
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in responsiveness produced by repeated exposure to some environmental stimuli
Flooding can result in sensitization

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15
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

Ability to learn to perform a particular behavior when a particular stimulus is present

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16
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learned through association on a conscious or subconcious level
Involves involuntary visceral responses (salvation, vomiting, milk let down, and emotional response)
Counter conditioning

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17
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Process of establishing a new response to a stimulus

Often used to treat fears

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18
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Respond to consequences
Gives choices and control over environment
Long term changes
Behavior modification

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19
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment

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20
Q

Describe positive reinforcement

A

Add something good and behavior happens

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21
Q

Describe negative punishment

A

Take something away and behavior stops

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22
Q

Describe negative reinforcement

A

Take something away to increase behavior

Remove your attention

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23
Q

Describe positive punishment

A

Add something bad/unpleasant to decrease that behavior
Spray cat with water
Shock collars

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24
Q

Which of the quadrants of operant conditioning tend to have more adverse side effects?

A

Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

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25
Q

What is fear?

A

An adaptive emotional response to an existing stimulus or situation that animals perceives as potentially dangerous
May be adaptive

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26
Q

Where does fear response start?

A

Amygdala

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27
Q

Describe the amygdala

A

Located in temporal cortex
Considered part of the limbic system
Primary site responsible for processing external and internal triggers that are fear-evoking and potentially life-threatening

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28
Q

What do anxiety, stress, and fear stimulate?

A

Sympathetic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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29
Q

Describe the autonomic fear response

A

Sympathetic system release NE and Epi for fight of flight response

30
Q

Describe the hormonal fear response

A

Responses reinforce the autonomic response
Further increase blood flow to muscles
Causes nutrients stored in muscle to be converted to glucose

31
Q

Describe the behavioral fear response

A 
Muscle movement that are appropriate to the situation that elicits it
Communication signals (barking, growling, lunging, showing teeth, piloerection)
32
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

Form of classical conditioning

33
Q

What is the central site for fear conditioning?

A

Amygdala

34
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in fear conditioning?

A

Glutamate

35
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Anticipation of negative outcome

36
Q

What is stress?

A

A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances

37
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Sudden excessive and profound fear
Intensity is greater than a fear response
Not adaptive

38
Q

What are the risk factors for separation anxiety?

A

Single family homes
Separation from mother and other littermate before 8 weeks
Ill as puppies
Genetics
Dogs that have had obedience training and the trained with positive reinforcement appear to have less separation anxiety and other behavioral problems

39
Q

What is safety and avoidance treatment for separation anxiety?

A

Avoid leaving him at home, create a safe haven, increase exercise

40
Q

What is communication treatment for separation anxiety?

A

Cue-response reward, ignore 20 minutes before leave/ignore when return
Avoid punishment

41
Q

What are tools that can be used as treatment for separation anxiety?

A 
Food puzzle toys
Aromatherapy
Pheromones
Thunder shirt
Classical music
42
Q

What is behavior modification treatment for separation anxiety?

A

Independent exercises

Relax on a mat

43
Q

What are medications for separation anxiety?

A

Paroxetine
Trazadone
Gabapentin

44
Q

What are risk factors for compulsive disorder?

A

Genetically predisposed animals that are subjected to chronic or recurrent conflict or frustration, individuals whose behavioral needs are not met, and maternal deprivation

45
Q

What are compulsive behaviors derived from?

A

Normal behaviors such as grooming, ingestion, predation, and locomotion

46
Q

What is the primary mechanism in which compulsive disorders induced?

A

Abnormal serotonin transmission

47
Q

What is the safety and avoidance treatment for compulsive disorder?

A

Increase enrichment

48
Q

What is the communication treatment for compulsive disorder?

A

Cur-response reward

Focus and foundation exercises for redirection

49
Q

What are the tools used for treatment of compulsive disorder?

A

Mat
Food toys
Head collar

50
Q

What is the behavior modification treatment for compulsive disorder?

A

Relax on mat

51
Q

What are the medications for compulsive disorder?

A

Fluoxetine

Clonidine

52
Q

What are the risk factors for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?

A

Caused by physical changes to an aging dog’s brain

Decreased awareness, ability to learn, and memory

53
Q

What is the safety and avoidance treatment for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?

A

Safe haven
Ignore attention seeking behavior
Tethers
Head collars

54
Q

What is the communication treatment for cognitive dysfunction syndrome?

A

Cue-response reward
Teach new behaviors
Targeting an object
Focus behavior to go to a mat

55
Q

What are the tools used for treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome?

A

Classical music
Pheromones
Food dispensing toys and puzzles
Ex-pen

56
Q

What are the medications used for treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome?

A 
Purina Neurocare
Antioxidants
Melatonin
Lorazepam
Selegiline
Gabapentin
57
Q

What are the risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

Cause is unknown

Clinical signs during sleep are vocalization, locomotion, and aggression

58
Q

What is the treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

They tried a bunch of stuff

KBr, phenobarbital, simplicef

59
Q

What are risk factors for redirected aggression?

A

Fear based
Bottle fed
Genetics
Mother stress

60
Q

What is the treatment for redirected aggression?

A 
Crate train
Enrichment
Interactive play- short and frequent
Food dispensing toy
Emergency recall
Train in kennel
61
Q

What are the risk factors for cribbing?

A

Decreased forage
Increased concentrate
Decreased communication between adjacent horses
Weaning critical time

62
Q

What is the treatment for cribbing?

A 
Cribbing straps
Bad tasting substances
Antacids
Shock collar
Cribbing bar
Naloxon
Surgery to remove CN 11 and portions omhyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles
Environmental modification (preferred treatment)
63
Q

Describe PRN/situational mediations

A

Benzodiazepines, trazadone, clonidine, gabapentin
Mild to strong effects (dose effect)
Dose just before trigger
Choose if intermittent and predictable trigger
Not great for long term use

64
Q

Describe maintenance medications

A

TCA, SSRI, trazadone, gabapentin
Mild to moderate anxiolytic effects
Weeks to be effective
Same daily dose regardless of trigger intensity
Choose if trigger constantly or predictably present
Safer for long term use

65
Q

Describe Benzodiazepines

A

Acts on GABA and decrease glutamine

Use for storm anxiety, noise phobias separation anxiety, car rides, vet visits, and reset sleep

66
Q

Describe trazadone

A

Acts on serotonin and histamine
Blocks arousal system and causes sedation
Use for storm phobia, anxiety, post-op confinement, hospitalization, fear at hospital
Class of drug: SARI

67
Q

Describe clonidine

A

Acts on norepinephrine

Use for fear-related aggression, noise phobia, separation anxiety, compulsive disorders, impulse control

68
Q

Describe gabapentin

A

Acts on glutamine

Helpful with refractory cases and those with neuropathic pain

69
Q

Describe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

Acts on serotonin

It is anxiolytic, anti-aggression, anti-compulsive

70
Q

Describe tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

A

Acts on serotonin and norepinephrine

It is anticholinergic, antihistamine, and alpha-adrenergic effects

71
Q

What are the FDA approved medications to treat behavior problems?

A

Sileo (oral gel to treat noise phobia)
Reconcile (AKA fluoxetine; treats separation anxiety)
Clomicalm (separation anxiety)
Selegiline (anipryl; cognitive dysfunction; currently off markets)

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