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Immunology > Lectures 1 and 2: introduction > Flashcards

Lectures 1 and 2: introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system

A

Combination of cells and proteins that fight foreign invaders

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2
Q

The cellular and molecular immune mechanisms allow the effector mechanisms to do what

A

Distinguish between self and non-self and eliminate non-self

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3
Q

When the immune self loses ability to distinguish between self and non-self what is the result

A

Autoimmunity

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4
Q

What is the microbiota made up

A

Bacteria, Arachae and fungi that are normally inhabiting the body

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5
Q

Where is microbiota located in body

A

Present on skin and mucosal surfaces

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6
Q

What are some functions of the microbiota

A

Occupies site that could be colonized by a pathogen, competes with pathogen for nutrients, produce toxins that kill pathogens, aid in host digestion of food products

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7
Q

Self

A

Normal body constituents expressed by healthy cells, marked with MHC

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8
Q

Non-self

A

Cells/molecules to which the immune system has no prior exposure during maturation or does not normally encounter, foreign cells/substances

No MHC marker

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9
Q

Pathogen

A

Causes disease

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10
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Pathogens that don’t typically causes disease but can under the right conditions

Ex: patient on antibiotics and develops C-diff

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system

A

Rapid response to non-self in a non-specific manner

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12
Q

Does the innate immune system protect us against pathogens or non-pathogens

A

Non-pathogens

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13
Q

What recognizes a pathogen in the innate immune system

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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14
Q

What is included in the cellular mediate innate immune response

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, lymphoid cells, basophils, eosinophils

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15
Q

What is included in the humoral mediated innate immune response

A

Complement, natural antibodies, acute phase proteins, antimicrobial peptides, soluble lectins

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Acquired immunity, antigen specific response that are adapted to the specific pathogen. Slow, enhanced by repeated exposure

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17
Q

What are the barrier defenses of the innate immune system

A

Ski, mucosal epithelium with tight junctions, goblet cells, mucociliary escalator

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18
Q

Why is the skin an effective defense barrier

A

Acidic, dry, sloughing off cells, lyzozymes, normal microbiota

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19
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in defense of pathogens

A

Secrete mucous and prevent bacteria from reaching epithelial cell surface

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20
Q

How does mucociliary blanket prevent bacteria from breaching epithelial layer

A

Ciliated epithelial cells that line the airways, coated with mucous that traps pathogens and moves up and out of lungs

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21
Q

If microbes breach the epithelial layer what is the 2nd line of defense

A

White blood cells- phagocytic cells like macrophages and DC’s, neutrophils, NK,

Complement system
Cytokines

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22
Q

What is the complement system

A

Serum proteins that trigger inflammatory response and initiate phagocytosis

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23
Q

What are cytokines

A

Proteins made by immune cells to coordinate attack on invading pathogen

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24
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen associated molecular patternw

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25
Q

What are examples of PAMPS

A

LTA, LPS, TA, CpG, viral RNA, flagellin

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26
Q

What is CpG DNA

A

C followed by G in sequence, methylated in mammals, unmethylated in bacteria

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27
Q

TLR4 binding to LPS

A

LPS (-) binds to LBP which then binds CD14 and then TLR4 with MD-2. Acts on transcription factors and initiates an immune response with inflammatory cytokines

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28
Q

What does Imiquimod

A

Medication that binds and stimulates TLR7/8 that enhances the immune response against equine sarcoids and aural plaques

29
Q

What cells have oxidative burst

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

30
Q

What is oxidative burst

A

Neutrophils and macrophages can create hydrogen peroxide and superoxide that damage iron containing enzymes which is common to bacteria. Fenton reaction with iron creates hydroxyl radical that attacks DNA

31
Q

Why are pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by and what are some examples

A

C3a, C5a, macrophages, dendritic cells, ex:TNF, IL-1, IL-6

32
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacterial infection throughout blood stream

33
Q

What are the downstream signaling consequences of septicemia

A

Cytokine production recruits neutrophils, leave blood vessels and cause leakage, this results in decreased BP and organ failure

34
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Killer cells that induce apoptosis of infected host cell. Store toxic granules and release when recognize non-self

35
Q

Where are the complement proteins produced

A

Liver

36
Q

What are the three complement pathways

A

Mannose binding lectin, classical, alternative

37
Q

what is the goal of all three complement pathways

A

Create C3 convertase to make C3a and C3b, C3b is opsonin that can mark for phagocytosis

38
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance which binds BCR’s and TCR’s, antibody generator

39
Q

What creates antibodies

A

B cells

40
Q

Antibodies

A

Attack specific antigens, bind epitopes on antigens

41
Q

Epitope

A

4-16 amino acid recognized by antigen binding site on antibody

42
Q

Monovalent

A

Antigen with 1 epitope

43
Q

Multivalent

A

Antigen with multiple of the same epitope

44
Q

Polyvalent

A

Antigen with multiple different epitopes

45
Q

Haptens

A

Antigens that bind to antigen receptor but can’t induce immune response alone, need to be conjugated to carrier

46
Q

What is a clinical application for haptens

A

Conjugated vaccines- allow immune system to recognize some antigens that may alone be haptens- induce weak immune response

47
Q

How is variability on BCR’s and TCR’s created

A

Recombination

48
Q

What are BCR’s

A

Membrane bound antibodies on B cell surface, bind antigens of varying shapes and sizes

49
Q

What are TCR’s

A

Expressed on surface of T cell, bind linear peptides displayed by MHC

50
Q

What is humoral immunity in adaptive immunity

A

Antibody immunity produced by effector B cells (immunoglobulins)
Critical role in defense against extracellular pathogens

51
Q

What is cell mediated immunity in adaptive immunity

A

Mediated by effector T cells that produce their effect by direct contact with target cells

52
Q

Describe lymphocyte activation

A

Upon recognition of antigen, B and T cells become activated and result in clonal proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells.

Effector cells eliminate antigen via antibody secretion or cell mediated killing
Memory cells provide protect against same antigen during next encounter

53
Q

What make MHC I

A

All uncleared cells

54
Q

Where do MHC I’s present

A

CD8 Tc cells

55
Q

What do MHC I present

A

Antigen fragments from viruses and intracellular bacteria

56
Q

What is the result of MHC I presentation

A

Apoptosis of presenting cell

57
Q

What makes MHC II

A

Antigen presenting cells

58
Q

Where do MHC II present

A

CD4 Th cells

59
Q

What do MHC II present

A

Fragments from extracellular sources

60
Q

How do TC cells function

A

MHC I presents antigen which binds TCR that then releases toxic granules to infected cell

61
Q

How do Th cells function

A

MHC II presents and activate macrophages, B, cells, and other responses

62
Q

What does Th1 activate

A

Macrophages

63
Q

What does Th2 activate

A

Responds to extracellular bacteria and fungi, generates inflammatory responser

64
Q

What does Th17 do

A

Stimulate neutrophil response to extracellular bacteria and fungi

65
Q

what does Tfh do

A

Stimulate antibody production from B cells

66
Q

What does Treg do

A

Regulates immune responee

67
Q

Describe B cell activation by helper T cells

A

Activation of B cell leads to clonal proliferation and differentiation and then BCR binds, processes and displays antigen to Th cell

68
Q

Describe T cell independent B cell activation

A

BCR binds antigen with repeated structural components, crosslinking of BCR’s to repeat structures signal to proliferate and activate, produce low affinity IgM

69
Q

What are some examples of cross talk between adaptive and innate immunity

A

Dendritic cells present to T cells

Antibodies enhance phagocytosis, mast cell degranulation and complement activation

T cell cytokines stimulate macrophage activity

Immunology (22 decks)

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