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Immunology > Lecture 14: Mucosal Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Mucosal Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary antibody in mucosal immunity

A

IgA

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2
Q

What are some common intranasal vaccines

A

Influenza, bordetella/kennel cough

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3
Q

What are some common oral vaccines

A

Rabies, Sabin polio vaccine

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4
Q

What mucosal surface has the greatest concentration of immune cells

A

GI tract

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5
Q

What are some innate components of mucosal immunity

A

Tears, sneezing, mucus, cilia, coughing, normal flora, acidic pH of stomach neutrophils, eosinophils

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6
Q

What is the B cell response for mucosal immunity

A

IgA

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7
Q

What is the T cell response to mucosal immunity

A

Intraepithelial

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8
Q

What are the two primary functions of the mucosal immune system

A

Defensive and permissive

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9
Q

What is the defensive role of the mucosal immune system

A

Actions against pathogens that gain entry via mucosal surfaces via elimination or exclusion

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10
Q

What is the permissive function of the mucosal immune system

A

Actions to accommodate commensal organisms

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11
Q

What Ig primarily mediates exclusion

A

IgA

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12
Q

What Ig primarily mediates elimination

A

IgG and IgE

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13
Q

What is the major Ig in mucosal defense and prevents adherence of pathogens

A

IgA

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14
Q

What Ig responds to parasites that avoid IgA

A

IgE

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15
Q

What Ig responds to other organisms that avoid IgA

A

IgG

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16
Q

What makes IgA

A

Submucosal B cells

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17
Q

How many antigens can IgA bind

A

2-4

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18
Q

What are some mechanisms of action of IgA

A

Prevents adherence, inhibits bacterial cell division

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19
Q

What are the sites IgA can bind antigen

A

Cells-enterocytes, tissue fluids, lumen

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20
Q

How is secretory IgA formed

A

PIgR binds IgA in basolateral surface, internalized and the reexpressed on mucosal surface as secreted form, pIgR become secretory component and resistances protease degradation

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21
Q

How does antigenic stimulation occur at mucosal surface

A

Pathogen or vaccine

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22
Q

What controls IgM to IgA class switching

A

TNF-B

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23
Q

What controls terminal differentiation of IgA producing plasma cells

A

IL-6

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24
Q

What cytokines are involved in IgA production

A

IL-6, IL-5, IL-4, IL-10

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25
Q

What are the costimulatory molecules in IgA

A

APRIL/BAFF

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26
Q

What body fluid has the highest concentration of IgA levels

A

Colostrum

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27
Q

Where are alpha:beta T cells located

A

Lamina propria

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28
Q

Where are gamma:delta T cells located

A

Epithelial layer beneath or between enterocytes

Aka intraepithelial lymphocytes

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29
Q

What do gamma:delta T cells do

A

Present antigen, prevent oral tolerance, regulate B cells, and attack parasites

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30
Q

What do Th17 cells secrete

A

IL-17 and IL-22

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31
Q

what does IL-17 do

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis

32
Q

what does IL-22 do

A

Promotes mucosal healing

33
Q

What cells are involved in antigen processing in the intestinal wall

A

M+ cells, intraepithelial cells, and dendritic cells

34
Q

Antigens that enter enterocytes is usually degraded in ___

A

Lysosome

35
Q

Antigen that enters M cells is not degraded, what happens to it

A

May be presented to intraepithelial lymphocyte (gamma:delta T cell) within M cell or may pass along intercellular space to tissue fluid and then drain into lymph node

36
Q

What are addressins

A

Molecules that regulate lymphocyte trafficking

37
Q

What is an example of addressins

A

MadCAM-1 and ligand a4/B7

38
Q

What are the inductive sites in GI tract mucosa

A

GALT, include M cells, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells

39
Q

What are the effector sites in GI tract mucosa

A

IgA production sites like lymphoid nodules and isolated plasma cells

40
Q

What is the process of antigen binding to Ig in intestine

A

Antigen binds mast cell with IgE
Mast cell degranulates
Vasoactive factors released
Increased vascular permeability
IgG exudes into tissue

41
Q

Where are commensal bacteria located in GI

A

Behind glycocalyx barrier and don’t routinely contact enterocytes

42
Q

What Ig is produced that prevents commensal from breaching mucosal barrier

A

IgA

43
Q

What does IL-10 do in mucosal immunity

A

Inhibits inflammatory response to commensal by blocking TLR-MyD88 pathway

44
Q

What does IL-2 do in mucosal immunity

A

Inhibits inflammatory response to commensal by blocking TLR independent pathways

45
Q

Pathogens that breach glycocalyx may

A

Attach to enterocytes and produce toxins

46
Q

What are some severe responses initiated relative to commensal pathogens

A

Pro inflammatory cells like IL-17-neutrophil chemotaxis

47
Q

Commensal inhibit pathogens via ___

A

Competition

48
Q

2% of food absorbed can cause immune recognition but what controls the response

A

Oral tolerance directed at TH1 cells does cellular suppression and anergy

49
Q

What is the primary immunoglobulin in respiratory tract mucosa

A

IgA

50
Q

What Ig is found in lower airway mucosa

A

IgG

51
Q

Airway mucus contains what antimicrobials

A

Lysozymes, lactoferrin and surfactant

52
Q

What does surfactant A and D do

A

Bind microbes and act as opsonins, enhance clearance of apoptosis cells and modulate actions of T cells and dendritic cells

53
Q

What do B, C surfactant do

A

Decrease surface tension

54
Q

What do PIMS do in large animals

A

Remove blood pathogens

55
Q

What are some immunity functions in urogenital tract mucosa

A

Flushing from urine, low pH, IgA found in urine

56
Q

What does urinary stasis lead to

A

Ascending infection

57
Q

What covers the female reproductive tract epithelium

A

Antimicrobial mucous

58
Q

What is present at lower female reproductive tract for mucosal immunity

A

Keratinocytes that express PRR’s, produce cytokines, abx peptides

59
Q

What Ig is most prominent in the lower female reproductive tract

A

IgA

60
Q

What is present in female upper reproductive tract for mucosal immunity

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells

61
Q

What Ig is most prominent in mucus layer of upper reproductive tract of females

A

IgG

62
Q

What is present in the urethral epithelium of male reproductive tract for mucosal immunity

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells

63
Q

What is present in urethra, testes, and prepuce for mucosal immunity

A

T cells

64
Q

What Ig predominates seminal fluid

A

IgG

65
Q

What is present in non-lactating animals mammary gland for mucosal immunity

A

Keratin plug

66
Q

What is present in lactating animals at mammary gland for mucosal immunity

A

Flushing activity of milk, lactenins-antimicrobial substances in milk

67
Q

What are some functions of lactenins

A

Complement, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperioxidase

68
Q

What Ig predominates in milk in monogastrics

A

IgA

69
Q

What Ig predominates in ruminant milk

A

IgG1

70
Q

What important cells does colostrum contain

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

71
Q

What are the forms of contagious mastitis

A

Streptococcus and staphylococcus

72
Q

What is environmental mastitis

A

Coliforms

73
Q

How would cow appear if infected with gangrenous mastitis

A

Systemically ill

74
Q

What would the California mastitis test look like if positive

A

DNA from cells form gel

75
Q

What is the goal of oral/intranasal vaccination

A

Stimulate IgA production

76
Q

Can you use dead organisms for oral/intranasal vaccines

A

Must use live organisms so they can invade mucosa and persist long enough to stimulate response

77
Q

What are some examples of live oral/intranasal vaccines

A

Bovine rhinotrachetitis vaccine, feline rhinotracheitis vaccine, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis vaccine, equine strangles

Immunology (22 decks)

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