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Immunology > Lecture 15- Immune Response to Viruses and Parasites > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Immune Response to Viruses and Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary mechanism in the defense against viruses

A

Killing of virus infected cells by cytotoxic T cells

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2
Q

What is an obligate pathogen

A

Uses host cell machinery and may be host adapted- making it easier to evade immune system

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3
Q

What are the steps in viral pathogenesis

A
  1. Virus binds receptor
  2. Enters cell via endocytosis or fusion
  3. Nucleic acid released from capsid
  4. Replication occurs
  5. New nuclei acids packaged into new capsids
  6. New virons are released or cell disintegrates to release virons
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4
Q

What are the steps in DNA Virus replication

A

Infectious viral DNA undergoes replication to form new viral DNA then undergoes transcription to become new viral RNA then translation to become viral protein and then viral assembly

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5
Q

What are the steps in RNA replication

A

Infectious viral RNA will replicate and form new viral RNA then will undergo translation to viral protein and then protein assembly

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6
Q

What are the steps in lentivirus replication

A

Infectious viral RNA will undergo reverse transcription to form viral RNA then transcription to form viral rna then translation to viral protein and then virus assembly

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7
Q

What is an example of DNA virus

A

Canine parvovirus

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8
Q

What is an example of RNA virus

A

Influenza

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9
Q

What is an example of lentivirus

A

Equine infectious anemia, HIV

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10
Q

What TLRs detect nucleic acids

A

3, 7, 8, 9w

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11
Q

Hat detects intracellular nucleic acid sensors in all nucleated cells

A

RIG-1, MDA-5

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12
Q

What are some innate responses to viruses

A

Interferons, lysozyme, bile/intestinal enzymes, conglutinin, mannose-binding lectin, surfactant proteins A&D, defensive, apoptosis of host cells

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13
Q

What are interferons

A

Glycoproteins secreted by virus infected cells, trophoblasts

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14
Q

What is interferon alpha

A

Plasmatyic dendritic cells via TLR7/9, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages

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15
Q

How many isoforms of interferon-alpha do pigs, cattle, horses and dogs have

A

Pigs and cattle: 12
Horses: 4
Dogs: 2

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16
Q

What is interferon Beta

A

Virus infected fibroblasts

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17
Q

What is interferon-w/all

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, trophoblasts of many species

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18
Q

What is interferon T

A

Ruminant trophoblasts

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19
Q

What is interferon delta

A

Pig trophoblast

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20
Q

What is interferon kappa

A

Keratinocytes

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21
Q

What is interferon gamma

A

Antigen stimulated T cells, pig trophoblasts

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22
Q

What is interferons a, beta

A

Produced very rapidly by virus infected cells

23
Q

What stimulates NK cells

A

Interferons

24
Q

What do NK cells produce

A

Interferon gamma

25
Q

Who has more rapid response natural killer cells to cytotoxic t cells

A

Natural killer cells

26
Q

Interferons activate many ____

A

Anti-viral mechanism

27
Q

What is 2’5 OAS

A

Antiviral protein, activated by exposure to dsRNA and upregulated by interferons

28
Q

What are Mx proteins

A

GTPase that inhibit influenza viruses

29
Q

What does 2’5 OAS degrade

A

RNA

30
Q

What does protein Kinase R prevent

A

Translation

31
Q

What does Mx GTPase block

A

Viral assembly

32
Q

What are some antibody responses to viruses

A

Block absorption into cell, stimulate phagocytosis, initiate complement

33
Q

What diseases is antibody mediated destruction of host cells important

A

Rabies, new castle disease, FLV, BVD, avian infectious bronchitis

34
Q

What are cell mediated mechanism responses to viruses

A

Viral antigens expressed on infected cell before new virus is reassembled can be presented on cell surface by MHC I, Tc cells recognize viral peptide as foreign, Tc cells kill infected cell

35
Q

Antigenic variation number for swine flu

A

H1N1

36
Q

Antigenic variation number for equine flu

A

H3N8

37
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Change in structures of H/N molecules

38
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Recombination of two strains

39
Q

What are ways viruses can evade immune system

A

Antigenic variation, reduced effectiveness of antibodies, blocking interferons, downregulating MHC I- reduced effectiveness of NK cells and Tc cells

40
Q

How does equine herpesvirus type 1 evade immune system

A

Has latent phase
Enters multiple cell types in horses- endothelial, epithelial and mononuclear

Users MHC I as entry molecule
Cell associated viremia allows rapid spread- neurologic disease and abortion

Can hide envelope proteins, down regulate MHC I, and gG proteins inhibit cytokines

41
Q

Immunity to parasites is characterized by a ___ response and __ production

A

Th2 response and IgE production

42
Q

Helminths are ___parasites

A

Obligate

43
Q

What is the function of thick cuticle in helminths

A

Can’t be destroyed efficiently by MAC or complement

44
Q

What plays a role in destruction of helminths

A

Eosinophils

45
Q

What do L-arginines do

A

Drive granuloma formation and reduce availability of arginine which is anti-inflammatory by decreasing T cell activity

46
Q

What is the primary response to helminths

A

Th2 as well as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IgE, mast cells, eosinophils

47
Q

What is IgE mediated self cure reaction to helminths

A

Worms secrete antigens in saliva and triggers mast cell degranulation and vasoactive molecules released

This stimulates smooth muscle contractions and vascular permeability-dislodges and flushes worms, IL-13 stimulates epithelial proliferation, sloughs worms

48
Q

Degranulating mast cells produce chemotactic substances for

A

Eosinophils

49
Q

Th2 cells produce ___ that mobilizes eosinophils from bone marrow

A

IL-5

50
Q

What are the four components in eosinophil

A

Major basic protein
Eosinophilia neurotoxin
Catatonic protein
Eosinophilic perioxidase

51
Q

What are the two mechanisms typically used in cell mediated immunity against parasites

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity (type IV)-T cells and NK cells

Direct attack

52
Q

What are some ways parasites evade immune system

A

Immunosuppression, protease inhibitors, immunoglobulin splitting proteins, prostaglandins, antioxidants

53
Q

What re taeniastatins

A

Protease inhibitors produced by taenia taeniaformis

54
Q

What are some functions of taenia taeniaformis

A

Inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, inhibits complement activation, inhibits T cell proliferation, inhibits IL-2 production

Immunology (22 decks)

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