Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Lecture 22+23: Immunizations > Flashcards

Lecture 22+23: Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Immunization

A

The process of producing a state of resistance or protection from a pathogenic organism or toxic substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Passive immunization

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies to recipient to provide immediate immunological protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does passive immunization activate immune system or generate memory response

A

NO!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two categories or passive immunization

A

Natural and artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is natural passive immunization

A

Goal is to protect fetus until its owner immune system is mature

Transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring across the placenta and/or colostrum/milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is artificial passive immunization

A

Goal is to protect an individual from a challenge before their immune system can be activated

Injection with preformed antibodies (ex: antitoxins/antivenins, pooled immune globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the half life for IgG

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how the transfer of maternal antibodies in utero occurs

A

IgG crosses the placenta, placental cells internalize serum containing maternal IgG. Neonatal Fc receptors (FcRN) are expressed in internal vesicles and when acidified they can bind material IgG. Transcytosis of maternal IgG and release into fetal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What antibodies are transferred in milk/colostrum

A

Secretory IgA (and/or IgM) and IgG transferred into milk to newborn (not significant source of IgG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What antibodies are transferred into the gut

A

Secretory IgA remains in gut- absence of maternal sIgA alters composition of microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe how the transfer and intestinal absorption of maternal antibodies in colostrum and/or milk occurs

A

Maternal IgG can be absorbed from the GI tracts, neonatal Fc receptors (FcRN) are expressed on surface of enterocytes within the duodenum. Transcytosis of maternal IgG and release into neonatal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical application: Failure of Passive Transfer

A

Horse and ruminant newborns don’t have any maternal antibody protections so are immunologically naive at birth

Neonates are agammaglobulineimic and are dependent on antibodies absorbed into bloodstream from colostrum

If neonates don’t get adequate colostrum they are are higher risk of infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does artificial passive immunization occur

A

Injection of preformed antibodies from one animal species into another for immediate protection

Serum is collected from animal that has been hyperimmunized with desired antigen

Ig’s are harvest, purified and sometimes cleave Fc region to reduce antigenicity

Injected into patient to provide immediate protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some potential risks to consider for artificial passive immunization

A

Hypersensitivity reactions as horse antibodies are seen as non-self to dog

May prevent patient from mounting an active immune response to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical application: antitoxins: tetanus (ex of Artificial passive immunization)

A

Used to prevent and treat tetanus in domestic animals

Tetanus is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits muscle relaxation, antitoxin neutralizes toxin and confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical application: Antivenin (ex: of artificial passive immunization)

A

Used for treatment of snakebites in domestic animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is active immunization

A

Acquisition or administration of infectious organism, portion of an organism of toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does active immunization produce immunological memoryq

A

Yes! Immune system in immunized patient is actively developing immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two categories or active immunization

A

Natural and artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is active natural immunization

A

Infection with pathogenic substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is artificial active immunization

A

Vaccination with either preventative or therapeutic vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of immunization induces production of antibodies ad development of effector T cells due to exposure of pathogen or vaccination

A

Active immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Repeat exposure ___ antibody titers

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do vaccination and boosters induce

A

Class switching, increased antibody titer and increased avidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Live (infectious) vaccine characteristics

A

Replicate in host, single dose, less stable, short shelf life, can potentially cause disease, better immunity, no adjuvant required, may revert to virulence, IgG, IgA and cell mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Non-living (non-infectious) vaccine characteristics

A

Can’t cause disease, stable, less robust immunity, often require multiple diseases, requires safe method of inactivation, mainly IgG and little to no cell-mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Live virulent vaccines

A

Relatively rare, high risk of causing disease with live pathogen

28
Q

What is an example of live virulent vaccine

A

Orf- used against pustural dermatitis or scabby mouth

Common viral infection of sheep and goats

Can be transmitted to humans

29
Q

Live attenuated or modified live vaccine

A

Contain intact, viable organisms but their virulence has been reduced, induce low level infections and replicate but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immunocompetent patients

30
Q

What is one method of attentuation

A

Repeated culture of pathogen in non-host strain, virus will mutate to be able to grow in non-host cell and then virus no longer grows well in original host cells, used for vaccines

31
Q

What is the most common type of vaccine in veterinary medicine

A

Live attenuated and modified live

32
Q

What are two examples of live attenuated and modified live vaccines

A
  1. Bovine coronavirus vaccine- protects calves against enteric disease
  2. DA2PP, protects dogs against distemper, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus, and parvovirus
33
Q

What is an example of a vaccine that provides cross-protection

A

DA2PP provides protection against CAV-2 but also CAV-1 which is infectious canine hepatitis/blue eye

34
Q

Which vaccine type may have deletions or modifications of key virulence factors

A

Live attenuated or modified live

35
Q

What is aujesky’s disease

A

Suid herpesvirus infection; neurological and respiratory signs, fetal abortion

36
Q

What important components does aujesky’s disease (pseudorabies) vaccine contain

A

Vaccine strain has a genetic deletion of thymidine kinase (TK) or glycoprotein E (gE)- both genes are important in viral invasion and replication

37
Q

What are DIVA vaccines

A

Attenuation that makes a vaccine strain antigenically different from natural occurring pathogen allows for differentiation between infected vs vaccinated animal s

Aka: marker vaccine

38
Q

What is an example of DIVA/marker vaccines

A

Infectious bovine rhinotrachetitis (IBR)- gene deletion of surface glycoprotein E (GpE or gE) in vaccine strain

39
Q

What would indicate that a cow was naturally infected with IBR

A

Serological detection of anti-GpE antibodies

40
Q

What are inactivated and killed vaccines

A

Intact, killed organism, pathogens are dead so they are unable to replicate in host, no risk of causing disease

Organism should have minimal changes to antigen structure

No risk of reversion back to virulent strain

41
Q

What are two methods of inactivation of organisms

A

Chemical and low energetic electron radiation

42
Q

What is chemical inactivation

A

Mix live virus with B-PL or formalin—> virus structure is intact but chemically intact

43
Q

What happens to a virus exposed to low energetic electron irradiation

A

Intact antigens but destroyed nuclei acids

44
Q

What are some examples of killed/inactivated vaccines

A

IBR, rabies, equine west Nile

45
Q

Killed vaccines are often less _____ and only stimulate an antibody response

A

Immunogenic

46
Q

What do killed/inactivated vaccines often require to maximize effectiveness of immune response to vaccine components

A

Adjuvant

47
Q

What is an adjuvant

A

Substances that promote persistence in the tissues and/or enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen, added to vaccines to augment the immune response

48
Q

How do adjuvants augment the immune response

A

Increase persistence of antigen, PRR activation, enhanced antigen uptake, increased antigen presentation to T cells, recruitment of immune cells

49
Q

How does a depot adjuvant work

A

Slow removal of antigen—> prolonged immune response

50
Q

How do particulate adjuvants work

A

Enhanced antigen presentation—> enhanced cytokine production by APCs—> enhanced Th cell response—-> enhanced cell-mediated immunity

51
Q

How do immunostimulatory adjuvants work

A

Stimulate TLR’s—> enhance s=cytokine production by APCs—> enhance Th cell responses—> enhanced antibody production

52
Q

What are toxoid vaccines

A

Modified toxins so that toxoid retains antigenicity but toxic moiety has been altered so no longer toxic

Ex: tetanus toxin

53
Q

What are subunit vaccines

A

Contain parts/portions of an organism

54
Q

What is an example of a subunit vaccine

A

Streptococcus equi (strangles) vaccine- concentrated purified M protein from bacterium, also contains adjuvant aluminum hyroxide

55
Q

What are the three main types of recombinant vaccines

A

Make DNA vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and vectored vaccines

56
Q

How do recombinant vaccines work

A

Identify gene of interest, clone gene and insert gene into construct

57
Q

What is the goal of recombinant vaccines

A

Induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to antigens

58
Q

Naked (Plasmid) DNA vaccines

A

Contain genetically engineered DNA, insertion of immunogenic gene into a plasmid expression vector, transform into bacteria and replicate, APC’s take up DNA and then synthesize pathogenic protein to activate both B and T cells

59
Q

What are some examples of naked plasmid DNA vaccine

A

Melanoma for dogs (oncept)

West Nile for horses (d/c)

60
Q

What are recombinant subunit vaccines

A

Recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into a host organism for culture (typically bacterial host

Host cells synthesize recombinant proteins of interest

61
Q

What are some examples of recombinant subunit vaccines

A

Recombinant Lyme disease vaccine- OspA protein

Chimeric recombinant Lyme disease vaccine- OspA and chimeric OspC protein

62
Q

What are vectored vaccines

A

Consist of a live, non-pathogenic or attenuated organism (vector) genetically engineered to contain a gene from a pathogen

Infects cell but can’t cause disease

Infected cells synthesize the pathogens antigens to trigger immune response

63
Q

What is an example of vectored vaccines

A

recombinant FeLV vaccine- canarypox vector encoding FeLV p27 antigen

64
Q

What are the 10 commandments of vaccination

A
  1. Not every animal requires a vaccine
  2. There are core and non-core vaccines
  3. Vaccines should be administered to as many animals as possible within a herd or population
  4. Young animals require special considerations since maternally derived antibodies can interfere
  5. Animals should be vaccinated as infrequently as is possible or required- know duration of immunity
  6. Vaccines should not be administered to pregnant animals unless specifically recommended
  7. Generally, vaccines should not be administered to sick or immunosuppressed animals
  8. Veterinarians in consultation with clients should decide which vaccines are appropriate
  9. Always read and understand vaccine data sheet
  10. Detailed records should be kept of vaccines administered
65
Q

What are the most likely adverse events associated with vaccines

A

Errors, normal toxicity, hypersensitivity, neurological reactions and foreign body reactions

Immunology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions