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Immunology > Lecture 25-Tolerance and Autoimmunity II > Flashcards

Lecture 25-Tolerance and Autoimmunity II Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immune response against normal body components

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2
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Disease resulting from an attack by an individuals immune system against an individuals own tissues

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3
Q

Does autoimmunity always create disease

A

No

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4
Q

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease occurs from loss of

A

Central or peripheral tolerance

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5
Q

Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases likely occurs from

A

Random, cumulative small mutations

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6
Q

Risk to autoimmunity and autoimmune disease affected by

A

Increasing age, genetics, heritability, sex hormones

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7
Q

What are the two scenarios for autoimmunity and autoimmune disease

A
  1. Normal response to unusual antigen
  2. Abnormal response to normal antigen
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8
Q

What are cryptic antigens and is it a normal or abnormal response

A

Normal response
Antigens previously hidden by immune system

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9
Q

How are cryptic antigens released and from where

A

Via tissue trauma
From immune privileged sites, inside cells (heart attack, infection, chronic inflammation)

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10
Q

What is CD233

A

New epitope forms on CD233 on aging RBC’s and antibody mediated destruction by splenic macrophages occurs

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11
Q

Is CD233 on aging epitopes causing antibody mediated destruction by splenic macrophages an example of physiologic or pathological autoimmunity

A

Physiologic

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12
Q

CD233 is an example of what type of normal response

A

Newly formed antigens

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13
Q

What is rheumatoid factor

A

Autoantibodies to other immunoglobulins

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14
Q

How are rheumatoid factors formed

A

Occurs when a new epitope forms in the Fc region and Ig antibodies bind it

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15
Q

Rheumatoid factors are most common when

A

Immune complexes are formed

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16
Q

Rheumatoid factors are present in what diseases

A

Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus

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17
Q

Rheumatoid factors are what kind of normal response

A

Newly formed antigens

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18
Q

What are immunoconglutinins

A

Autoantibodies to complement, new epitope form on activated complement

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19
Q

What type of normal response are immunoconglutinins

A

Newly formed antigens

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20
Q

An abnormal response is a failure of

A

Regulatory control

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21
Q

Autoimmune disorders are common in individuals with what types of tumors

A

Lymphoid

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22
Q

What is the result of a defect in CD95 or CD95 ligand

A

CD95 is involved in apoptosis of self T cells in thymus so with defect, release self reactive cells

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23
Q

What is microchimerism

A

Presence of another individuals cells within your own body

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24
Q

What is an example of microchimerism

A

Mother and fetus exchange of cells

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25
Q

Fetal cells often found in women with what disease

A

Scleroderma

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26
Q

Maternal cells often found in boys with

A

Dermatomyositis

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27
Q

What is an example of a virus that can cause multisystemic AD

A

Reovirus

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28
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that can cause AD uveitis

A

Leptospira

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29
Q

What is an example of a Protozoa that can cause cardiomyopathy

A

Tyranosoma cruzi

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30
Q

What are the three mechanisms that could be responsible for an abnormal response: infection induced AD

A
  1. Molecular mimicry
  2. Epitope spreading
  3. Bystander activation
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31
Q

What is infection induced AD: molecular mimicry

A

Shared epitopes on infectious agents and self antigens, epitope on self isn’t recognized but one on pathogen is so antibodies are formed

Antibodies then react with self epitope

32
Q

What is infection induced AD: bystander activation

A

Infection results in tissue destruction and releases antigens, infection causes massive inflammatory cascade and help is accidentally provided to nearby cells to respond to new antigens

33
Q

What type of antigen is usually the culprit in mimicry and bystander activation

A

Viruses

34
Q

What is infection induced AD: epitope spreading

A

Reaction initially occurs to specific pathogenic epitope then reaction spreads to additional epitopes some which may be self—> runaway train of autoimmune disease

35
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immediate

A

Type 1

36
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is cytotoxic

A

Type II

37
Q

What type of hypersensitivity has immune complexes

A

Type III

38
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is delayed

A

Type IV

39
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is the following: milk allergy in cattle, delayed milking forces casein into circulation and anaphylaxis occurs

A

Type I immediate

40
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Lupus

A

Type III immune complex

41
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is autoimmune thyroiditis

A

Type II cytotoxic

42
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is MS, insulin-dependent DM

A

Type IV delayed

43
Q

Immune meditated disease

A

Immune system attacks the organs and tissues of body

44
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Subset of immune mediated disease, in which specific antigens of the body are known to initiate a response

45
Q

What are some endocrine targets of autoimmunity

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas

46
Q

What is the target of autoimmunity in pancreas

A

Islet of langerhans—> insulin-dependent DM

47
Q

What is equine polyneuritis

A

Cause equina in horses: sacral and coccygeal nerves become damaged as AD disease targets myelin protein

48
Q

What is canine polyneuritis

A

Coonhound paralysis

49
Q

What species does steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis occur in

A

Dogs

50
Q

What are the targets of necrotizing meningeoencephalitis and what species does it occur in

A

Targets- neural or vascular
Species; dogs

51
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy

A

Demyelination disorder in dogs

52
Q

What is the target of cerebellar degeneration

A

Granular cells

Common in coton du tulear puppies

53
Q

What is equine recurrent uveitis often associated with

A

High leptospira titers

54
Q

What does uveodermatological syndrome affect

A

Eyes, skin, hair

55
Q

What is alopecia areata

A

Hair follicle AD

56
Q

What are two examples of blistering diseases

A

Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus folicaceus

57
Q

What is desmoglein 3 associated with

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

58
Q

What is desmocolin 1 associated with

A

Pemphigus foliaceus

59
Q

Where is Pemphigus vulgaris located

A

Deep epidermis

60
Q

where is Pemphigus foliaceus located

A

Superficial epidermis

61
Q

What are 3 examples of basement membrane diseases

A

Bulbous Pemphigoid
Linear IgA dermatosis
Epidermolysis bullosa

62
Q

What is type XVII collagen associated with

A

Bulbous pemphigoid

63
Q

Where is bullous pemphigoid located

A

Basement membrane

64
Q

What are two common AD as a result of targeting blood cells

A

IMHA and IMTP

65
Q

What is the target of myasthenia gravis

A

Acetylcholine receptor

66
Q

What is primary clinical sign of myasthenia gravis

A

Muscle weakness

67
Q

What are some AD caused by targeting muscle

A

myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, autoimmune masticatory myositis, canine cardiomyopathy, dermatomyositis

68
Q

What is the pathogenic of SLE

A

Genetic factors leading to T and B cell abnormalities, resulting in impaired apoptosis via multiple autoantibodies

69
Q

What symptoms/signs does an animal need to have to diagnose SLE

A

Two of the following: skin lesions, polyarthritis, IMHA, thrombocytopenia, renal disease/proteinuria, positive ANA or positive LE

70
Q

What does a positive LE test look like

A

Neutrophils phagocytosing nuclear components of apoptosis cells

71
Q

What are some signs of canine RA

A

Stiffness or joint pain after inactivity, symmetrical swelling in multiple joints, sterile synovial fluid containing neutrophils, positive rheumatoid factor test, erosive polyarthritis

72
Q

What inflammatory cells/cytokines are released in pathogenesis of RA

A

anti-IG, IL-17, IL-6, TNF, and neutrophils

73
Q

What is equine recurrent uveitis

A

Painful, inflammatory ocular condition

74
Q

What T cell response mediates equine recurrent uveitis

A

Th1

75
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is equine recurrent uveitis

A

Type IV delayed

76
Q

What is the target of equine recurrent uveitis

A

Retinal proteins

77
Q

What is equine recurrent uveitis a common sequelae to

A

Leptospira

Immunology (22 decks)

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