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Immunology > Lecture 5: The Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 5: The Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immediate response of the innate immune system

A

Send neutrophils to site

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2
Q

What are some local effects of the innate immune system

A

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

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3
Q

Describe the pathway of systemic effects of inflammation

A

Sentinel cells (mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells) release cytokines that act on distant locations (hypothalamus, liver, and bone marrow) which results in an immune response

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4
Q

Why is the hypothalamus response to systemic inflammation

A

Fever, anorexia, sleepiness, depression

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5
Q

What is the livers response to systemic inflammation

A

Increased synthesis of acute phase proteins, iron sequestration

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6
Q

What is the bone marrows response to increased systemic inflammation

A

Increased WBC production

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7
Q

What are some possible changes to CBC indicating systemic inflammation

A

Neutrophilia, neutropenia, changes to iron parameters, anemia of chronic disease

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8
Q

What is an example of an acute phase protein

A

Serum amyloid A (SAA)

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9
Q

Why sequester iron

A

Bacteria needs iron so body will protect itself by storing it in liver

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10
Q

What is a consequence of iron sequestration

A

Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation

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11
Q

What is an indication of increased WBC production

A

Start seeing bands released which are immature WBC

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12
Q

Describe the cascade of events for conditions like systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A
  1. Infection, 2. Recognized by PAMPS/DAMPS, 3. Release proinflammatory cytokines, 4. Local vasodilation resulting in hypotension and enemia, acute phase response resulting in thrombosis, activation of monocytes, neutrophils and DC’s, all ending with hypoxia and apoptosis and necrosis
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13
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Results from overexpression of multiple cytokines. These cytokines trigger a series of events that result in widespread cell death and multiple organ failure

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14
Q

What effects does a fever have on adaptive and innate immune systems

A

Innate: increase neutrophils, increased NK cells

Adaptive: increase dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells

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15
Q

What is an example of a clinical test for inflammation

A

Acute phase proteins- SAA

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16
Q

Function of lysozymes

A

Innate barrier in tears saliva, milk, GI, destroys bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What do defending and cathelicidins do

A

Innate barrier to destroy microbial cell membranes

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18
Q

What does lactoferrin do

A

Sequester iron

19
Q

What does lactoperioxidase do

A

Generates ROS

20
Q

What is latherin

A

Protein in horse sweat that facilitates the evaporative cooling and inhibits microbes

21
Q

Describe the maturation of dendritic cells

A
  1. Precursors begin in bone marrow
  2. Antigen uptake and processing in tissues
  3. Antigen presentation in lymphoid organs
22
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

Antigen presentation to T cells

23
Q

CDC1 promotes what

A

Type I response by producing IL-12 and activating Th1 cells which recruit macrophages

24
Q

What does cDC2 do

A

Promotes type 2 response by producing IL-6 and IL-23 and activates Th2 and Th17(recruits neutrophils)

25
Q

Describe how dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive immune system

A

DC’s sense virus or bacteria with PRR’s, will present antigen to T and B cells, and they will migrate to infection site via guidance from cytokines

26
Q

Where do macrophages derive from

A

Monocytes

27
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system

A

Macrophages are replenishing and replacing cells as basic maintenance and will clean up dying/apoptotic or abnormal self cells/tissues

28
Q

What is a major structural feature of a macrophage

A

lots of RER because active therefore producing lots of proteins

Lysozymes filled with noxious substances for pathogen destruction

29
Q

What is rhodococcus equi

A

Disruption of lysosome activity through VapA gene. PIMS will eat up pathogen in lung for lysosome to eat but VapA gene allows pathogen to live in lysosome

30
Q

What are the three pathways in macrophage activation

A

Innate activation, classical, alterantive

31
Q

what is innate activation of macrophages

A

Respond to TLR’s binding PAMP and will induced phagocytosis

32
Q

What is the classical macrophage pathway

A

M1 cells exposed to microbial products and Th1 cytokines like INF-y and induce phagocytosis

33
Q

What is the alternative activation of macrophages

A

Exposed to Th2 cytokines and become M2 cells- focus on repair

34
Q

What are some common cellular input surface receptors on macrophages

A

PAMPs, transferrin (transport receptor) and cytokine receptors

35
Q

Cyclic neutropenia in gray collies

A

Genetic disorder that affects neutrophil maturation resulting in recurrent infections

36
Q

What do natural killer cells target

A

Stressed cells, cells lacking MHC I

37
Q

What are DAMPS

A

Damage associated molecular pattern
Ex: SAA

38
Q

What are examples of cytosolic PRR’s

A

NOD like receptors, Rig like receptors

39
Q

What do NOD like receptors bind

A

Bacterial PAMPS

40
Q

What do Rig like receptors bind

A

Viral RNA

41
Q

What does PAMP signaling through these cytosolic receptors generate

A

Inflammasomes

42
Q

Inflammasome

A

Multi protein complex that can form in cells like macrophages, function to catalyze maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines

43
Q

What are the major sickness cytokines

A

TNF-a, HMGB1, IL-1, IL-6

Immunology (22 decks)

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