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Immunology > Lecture 29: Neonatal Immunology and Immunosenescence > Flashcards

Lecture 29: Neonatal Immunology and Immunosenescence Flashcards

1
Q

Neonates are immunologically naive, they can mount an immune response but lack exposure to antigen therefore all responses are ___ and ____

A

Primary and slow

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2
Q

What is immunosenscence

A

Occurs in aging animals and refers to the gradual deterioration of function and the immune system

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3
Q

What is the first immune organ to develop in fetus

A

Thymus

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4
Q

What is last immune organ to develop in fetus

A

Peyers patch

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5
Q

What is average gestation for calf

A

280 days

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6
Q

When can lymphocytes be found in calves

A

45 days

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7
Q

When can B cells be found in calves

A

59 days

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8
Q

Fetal cows can respond to viruses experimentally between 73-120 days already- what does this tell us

A

They can already distinguish between self and non-self

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9
Q

What is average gestation for foal

A

340 days

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10
Q

When do lymphocytes appear in thymus of foal

A

60-80 days

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11
Q

When can lymphocytes be found in blood of foal

A

120 days

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12
Q

When can plasma cells be found in foal

A

240 days

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13
Q

Report shows GVHD in immunodeficient host what kind of response does this demonstrate

A

Cell-mediated

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14
Q

When do horses begin IgE production

A

9-11 months

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15
Q

Average gestation for lamb

A

145 days

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16
Q

When do lymphocytes appear in blood of lambs

A

32 days

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17
Q

When can fetal lambs begin responding to viruses

A

50 days

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18
Q

How does the proportion of a/B and y/d T cells change in lamb over time

A

1 month prepartum- 18% of T cells are y/d

1 month postpartum 60% of T cells are y/d

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19
Q

What is average gestation for piglets

A

115 days

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20
Q

When does thymus develop in piglets

A

40 days

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21
Q

When can lymphocytes be found in piglets

A

38 days

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22
Q

When can B cells be found in piglets

A

50 days

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23
Q

Piglets have no __ cell activity until the piglet is several weeks old

A

NK

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24
Q

When can fetal pigs reject allografts

A

58 days

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25
Q

When does a VDJ rearrangement occur in piglets

A

30 days

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26
Q

What is average gestation in dog

A

60 days

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27
Q

When does thymus develop in dogs

A

23-33 days

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28
Q

When can fetal puppies reject allografts

A

45 days

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29
Q

Intrauterine injection of antigen before __ days can induce tolerance

A

42 days

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30
Q

What is average gestation in cats

A

65 days

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31
Q

What is average inoculation in chicks

A

21 days

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32
Q

When can lymphocytes be found in bursa of chicks

A

24 days

33
Q

When are antibodies produced by chicks

A

16-18 days

34
Q

When can eggs be vaccinated

A

18 days

35
Q

What diseases can eggs be vaccinated against at 18 days

A

New castle, Mareks and coccidiosis

36
Q

What is average gestation for opossum

A

15 days

37
Q

T/F: opossum (marsupials) have no immune tissue or organs at birth

A

True

38
Q

Blue tongue virus vaccine when given to pregnant female at ___ days causes severe neurological lesions in fetus

A

50 days

39
Q

When should bluetongue virus vaccine be given to pregnant female to avoid neurological lesions in fetus

A

100 days

40
Q

What are the two forms of BVD

A

Cytopathic and non-cytopathic

41
Q

Which form of BVD causes persistent infection

A

Non-cytopathic

42
Q

What does it mean to be a persistently infected calf

A

Infected with disease early on in utero that calf recognizes antigen as self and won’t mount an immune response therefore appears healthy

43
Q

Infection of cow up to 50 days with BVD results in what

A

Abortion

44
Q

Infection of cow with BVD between 50-120 results in what

A

Tolerance, persistently infected calves, immunosupression

45
Q

T/F: persistently infected calves with BVD are usually asymptomatic but still can shed the virus

A

True

46
Q

Infection with BVD between 100-150 days results in which form and what side effects

A

Cytopathic form, results in birth defects

47
Q

Infection with BVD between ___ days has no effect

A

150-180

48
Q

Persistently infected cows with BVD can develop what disease

A

Mucosal disease

49
Q

What Th response do neonates mount

A

Th2

50
Q

Neonates have increased susceptibility to what type of pathogen

A

Intracellular pathogen (Rhodococcus equip

51
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Immunization through transfer of specific antibody from immunized individual to non-immunized individual

52
Q

What kind of placenta do cats and dogs have

A

Endotheliochorial

53
Q

Cats and dogs inherit 5-10% of what Ig in utero

A

IgG

54
Q

What type of placenta do ruminants have

A

Syndesmochorial

55
Q

What type of placenta do pigs and horses have

A

Epithelialchorial

56
Q

What antibodies are transferred to pigs and horses through placenta

A

None! All Ig’s are transferred through colostrum

57
Q

Chicks receive passive transfer from hens serum while still in ___

A

Ovary

58
Q

No prepartum ___ transferred to goals

A

IgG

59
Q

Where must goals get IgG

A

Colostrum (secreted for 24hrs)

60
Q

IgG is ___% of antibody content in domestic species

A

65-90%

61
Q

What is predominant Ig in colostrum and milk for pigs and horses

A

Colostrum- IgG
Milk- IgA

62
Q

What is predominant Ig in colostrum for ruminants

A

IgG

63
Q

How are antibodies absorbed from colostrum in intestines

A

Bind FcRN receptors, endocytosed and then delivered to blood

64
Q

Which Ig remains in intestinal epithelium for pigs and horses

A

IgA

65
Q

What antibodies remain in intestinal epithelium for ruminants

A

None- all absorbed

66
Q

What can cause failure of passive transfer

A
  1. Poor quality colostrum
  2. Failure of neonate to ingest colostrum
  3. Failure of neonate to absorb colostrum
67
Q

What are some treatment options for failure of passive transfer

A

Banked colostrum or plasma transfusion

68
Q

Which neonates often can’t absorb colostrum

A

Premature

69
Q

How to measure colostrum qualtiy

A

Colostrometer

70
Q

Ig’s from colostrum provide neonate with ___ immunity

A

Systemic (IgG)

71
Q

Ig’s from milk provide neonate with ___ immunity

A

intestinal (IgA)

72
Q

When should puppies start getting vaccinated

A

6-9 weeks

73
Q

When should foals start getting vaccinated

A

4-5 months

74
Q

What are aging changes to neutrophils and macrophages

A

Decrease ability for respiratory burst, less able to destroy phagocytized bacteria

75
Q

What cells reduce in number, reduced TLR expression, decrease production of IL-6, TNF-a and have reduced response to INF-y with age

A

Macrophages

76
Q

Which cells have less effect APC and decreased ability to stimulate B cells with age

A

Dendritic cells

77
Q

Which cells have decreased ability to destroy tumor cells with age

A

NK cells

78
Q

Lymphocytes show reduction in what type of T cell with age

A

Cd8+

79
Q

antibodies decline in ___

A

Affinity

Immunology (22 decks)

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