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Lecture1 Flashcards

1
Q

basic set of organelles

A

Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria & Peroxisomes

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2
Q

Components of cell nucleus

A 
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
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3
Q

Faces the nucleoplasm, and is in contact with the nuclear lamina
- Function as a scaffold stabilizing the nuclear envelope

A

Inner nuclear membrane

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4
Q

faces the cytoplasm and continues with endoplasmic reticulum

A

Outer nuclear membrane

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5
Q

Thin, sheet-like meshwork beneath the inner nuclear membrane

A

Nuclear Lamina

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6
Q

What is nuclear lamina made up of

A

Lamin A&B

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7
Q

What does Lamin A mutation cause?

A

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (preaging)

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8
Q

Roles of nuclear lamina

A

Scaffold for nuclear envelope, chromatin & Nuclear pores

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9
Q

A complex that spans inner and outer nuclear membrane, and allows transport of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC)

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10
Q

The site of ribosome production (ribosome factory)

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

3 Zones of nucleolus

A
  1. Fibrillar center
  2. Fibrillar material
  3. Granular material
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12
Q

Staining of fibrillar center

A

pale staining

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13
Q

Role of fibrillar center

A

Contain DNA loops of rRNA genes for creating ribosome

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14
Q

Staining of fibrillar material

A

Dark staining

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15
Q

Role of fibrillar material

A

transcription of rRNA genes

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16
Q

Role of granular material

A

initial ribosomal assembly occurs

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17
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin & Heterochromatin

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18
Q

Staining of euchromatin and its transcription state

A

Light staining, and active transcription

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19
Q

Staining of heterochromatin and its transcription state

A

Dark staining, and less transcriptionally active

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20
Q

Complex of DNA and histones

Beads on a string chromatin

A

Nucleosome

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21
Q

When nucleosomes are packed together, it forms …

A

30-nm chromatin fiber

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22
Q

When 30-nm chromatin fiber loosely arrange, it becomes

A

Euchromatin

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23
Q

When Euchromatin and heterochromain pack together, it forms

A

Chromosome

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24
Q

Specific specialized nucleotides sequences in all chromosomes (3)

A
  1. Centromere
  2. Telomere
  3. Replication origin
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25
Q

Centric heterochromatin
Holds sister chromatids together
Site of kinetochore formation

A

Centromere

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26
Q

Clinical correlation of telomere

A

cancer & aging

27
Q

2 populations of ribosome (2 ways of protein trafficking)

A
  1. Membrane-bound ribosomes

2. Free ribosomes

28
Q

Many ribosomes bound to a singles mRNA molecule

A

Polyribosome

29
Q

Clinical correlation with abnormal ribosome

A

Ribosomopathies

30
Q

Proteins that are synthesized by being translocated into the ER lumen on membrane-bound ribosomes (3)

A
  1. Lysosomal proteins
  2. Secreted proteins
  3. Plasma membrane proteins
31
Q

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?

32
Q

What is the special feature of mRNA that is translated by membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

Contain an ER signal sequence which direct mRNA to rER for translation.

33
Q

Pathway of protein that are translated by membrane-bound ribosomes

A

ribosome (rER)&raquo_space; Golgi&raquo_space; lysosome or secretion or membrane

34
Q

Proteins that are synthesized by free ribosomes (4)

A
  1. Nuclear proteins
  2. Mitochondrial proteins
  3. Cytosolic proteins
  4. Peroxisomal proteins
35
Q

Largest organelle by size

36
Q

What is abundant in cells specialized in protein synthesis? (give an example)

A

rER EX) Secretory cells producing proteins for extracellular export

37
Q

Site of initial post-translational modification & folding

38
Q

What is cresyl violet used for? And how is it useful for viewing rER?

A

Cresyl violet is used for staining DNA. Since rER has DNA components, rER will be stained purple, which makes it detectable.

39
Q

What is abundant in cells specialized in lipid metabolism?

40
Q

Role of sER (3)

A
  1. Lipid metabolism
  2. Detoxification (Cytochrome P450 System) (Heapatocytes)
  3. Sequester calcium in muscle cells or SR
41
Q

Which organelle is well developed in secretory cells?

What are the 2 examples of secretory cells?

A

Golgi Apparatus

  1. Plasma cells (secrete antibody)
  2. Pancreatic acinar cells (secrete digestive enzymes)
42
Q

Which is entry point of golgi? cis or trans

43
Q

rER & Golgi transport is mediated by…

A

Coatomer-coated vesicles

44
Q

2 ways of Coatomer-coated vesicle transport

A
  1. COP-I coated vesicle

2. COP-II coated vesicle

45
Q

Which is retrograde transport COP-I or COP-II?

A

COP-I (CGN back to rER)

46
Q

Functions of golgi apparatus (3)

A
  1. Post-translational modification
  2. Sorting
  3. Packaging
47
Q

4 post-translational modification and where are these happening?

A
  1. Glycosylation
  2. Sulfation
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Proteolysis
    happens at golgi apparatus
48
Q

3 Ways of vesicular trafficking

A
  1. Constitutive secretory pathway
  2. Regulated secretory pathway
  3. Lysosomal pathway
49
Q

Which pathway of vesicular traffcking is this? ; vesicles are stored & secreted with stimulus. Also give an example.

A

Regulated secretory pathway

ex) neurons, acinar cells of pancreas

50
Q

Digestive organelles that function in the controlled intracellular digestion of macro molecules

51
Q

Require acidic envrionment and contains more than 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes. What is this organelle

52
Q

With what can we visualize lysosome?

A

Acid phosphatase

53
Q

Role of Mannose 6-Phosphate in terms of lysosome

A

M6P adds to lysosomal hydrolases or lysosomal enzyme precursors which binds to M6P receptors in the TGN. This leads to transport of lysosomal enzyme to lysosome. So M6P is essential in transport of lysosomal enzyme from GA to lysosome.

54
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) that is deficient of HEXA due to autosomal recessive disorder. It results in the accumulation of GM2 canglioside, leading to dath of neurons in brain and Spinal cord.

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

55
Q

Results of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs)(3)

A
  1. Accumulation of undigested products
  2. Disruption of normal cell function
  3. Cell death
56
Q

3 pathways to lysosomal digestion

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Autophagy
57
Q

Known as ‘self-eating’, it is a major cellular pathway to degrade proteins and organelles in lysosome

58
Q

Pathway of autophagy

A
  1. intracellular membrane such as SER surrounds organelle and cytoplasm which forms autophagosome.
  2. Autophagosome fuse with lysosome then contents are degraded, recycled and reused.
59
Q

Double membrane vacuole

A

Autophagosome

60
Q

Target protein for destruction using ubiquitin. It uses ATP to degrade proteins without involving lysosomes. What is the pathway?

A

Proteasome-mediated protein degradation

61
Q

Example of proteasome-mediated protein degradation

A
  1. Cyclins, transcription factors, tumor suppressors that are abnormal proteins or normal short-lived regulatory proteins
62
Q

Where in mitochondria does ATP generation takes place?

A

Inner mt membrane

63
Q

Structures of mitochondria (5)

A
  1. Inner membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Outer membrane
  4. Matrix
  5. Crista

BPM DLA1 (47 decks)

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