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BPM DLA1 > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between parenchyma and stroma

A

parenchyma : functional cellular unit (eg : epithelium, nerve, muscle)
Stroma : supporting structure such as connective tissue

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2
Q

What is ECM made up of (3)

A

Fibers
Ground substance (GAG, proteoglycan, glycoprotein)
Tissue fluid

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3
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

support, defense, repair, nutrition

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4
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

Cell & ECM

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5
Q

Is connective tissue supplied by blood vessels and nerve?

A

YES, it should be so it supplies nutrients to avascular epithelial cells

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6
Q

Difference between permanent and transient cells of connective tissue

A

permanent : those that stay in connective tissue (fibroblast or macrophage, adipocytes, stem cells, mast cells)
Transient : those that come to connective tissue for an event (basophil eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

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7
Q

Different types of fibers in connective tissue (3)

A

collagen, laminin, elastic

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8
Q

Types of collagen I, II, III, IV

A

Type I : collagen found in mainly in ECM (heterotrimeric : triple helix)
Type II : cartilage
Type III : Reticular fiber (lymph, liver)
Type IV : basement membrane

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9
Q

2 types of embryonic connective tissue

A
  1. Mesenchyme

2. Mucous connective tissue

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10
Q

Features of mucous connective tissue

A
  • found in new borns
  • Few cells
  • Few fibers
  • Abundant ground substances and tissue fluid
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11
Q

Where are mucous connective tissue found?

A

Umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)
Cardiac jelly
Vitreous humor in eye

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12
Q

Which germ layer form almost all connective tissue?

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

Difference in cell shapes of mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

A

mesenchyme : spindle like thin cell shape
mucous : star shaped fibroblasts with sparse reticular fibers
Both have abundant ground substance

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14
Q

Features of loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

Abundant cells of various types
Few fibers
Abundant ground substance

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15
Q

Characteristics of loose connective tissue (3)

A
  • flexible, not resistant to stress
  • rich in blood supply
  • fill spaces between other tissues
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16
Q

Location of loose connective tissue (4)

A
  • beneath epithelia surface (for providing nutrients to epithelium) = dermis
  • surrounds glands and smallest blood vessels and nerves
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17
Q

Staining for loose connective tissue

A

Mesentery Verhoeff’s hematoxylin

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18
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

a thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue part of mucosa

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19
Q

Where is lamina propria found? (3)

A

lining of respiratory tract
GI tract
Urogenital tract

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20
Q

Features of dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • few cells of single type : fibroblasts - produce fiber and ground substance
  • abundant fibers mostly collagen
  • little ground substance
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21
Q

Function of irregular connective tissue

A

No orientation of collagen fibers so it is resistance to stress in all directions
- significant support to organs and structures (organs capsule, periosteum, dermis)

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22
Q

Another name of Irregular dense connective tissue (2)

A

Reticular layer or deep layer

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23
Q

Feature of dense regular connective tissue

A
  • few cells of single type : fibroblasts: aligned between fiber bundles
  • Abundant fibers mostly collagen fibers arranged in a specific orientation
  • little ground substance
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24
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found? (2)

A

tendons/ligament

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25
Q

Function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

tensile strength

26
Q

What are endotendineum, peritendineum, and epitendineum?

A

Endotendineum : connective tissue covering around a group of collagen fiber (contain blood vessels for blood supply)
Peritendineum : covering around a group of fascicles
Epitendineum : covering an entire tendon

27
Q

Function of reticular connective tissue

A

framework for myeloid (bone marrow), lymphoid organ (lymph node/spleen), liver

28
Q

Features of reticular connective tissue

A

reticular cells are modified fibroblasts that its cytoplasmic extensions cover reticular fiber

29
Q

Which cells produce elastic connective tissue? (2)

A

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

30
Q

Where are elastic connective tissues found? (4)

A

elastic arteries, elastic cartilage, vocal ligament, suspensory ligament of penis, elastic aorta

31
Q

Staining of elastic connective tissue

A

orcein, resorcin or verhoeff’s

32
Q

Difference between white and brown adipose tissue

A

white adipose tissue

  • nucleus and cytoplasm to periphery
  • one lipid droplet
  • function : fat storage

Brown

  • central nucleus with many lipid droplets
  • function: energy release (rich in mitochondria)
33
Q

Relationship between aged skin and collagen fiber

A

Aged skin decreased production of type I and type III collagen fiber and elastic fibers, leading to stretched skin

34
Q

Difference between hypertrophic and keloid scar

A

hypertrophic scar : raised than normal, but within original wound boundary,
Keloid scar : in excess of boundary, extending into surrounding tissue
*caused by increased collagen production

35
Q

How is edema caused?

A

due to protein deficiency in vessels (eg albumin), tissue fluid increases

36
Q

is sulfated proteoglycan basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

basophilic

37
Q

What are the active and inactive type of fibroblasts and their shapes?

A 
Active = fibroblasts (more branched and larger)
Inactive = fibrocytes (no branch, smaller)
38
Q

What is myofibroblasts?

A

fibroblasts that have contractile filament

With contractile filament, it can contract the edge of wound and speed up wound healing.

39
Q

major energy source of adipocyte

A

triglyceride

40
Q

main function of brown adipose tissue (2)

A

heat production, energy production

41
Q

specialized locations of brown adipose tissue (2)

A

body neck, abdomen of neonates

42
Q

From which cell is macrophage derived?

A

from monocytes. Monocyte migrate to connective tissue and differentiate to macrophages

43
Q

macrophages in liver

A

Kupffer cells

44
Q

Macrophages in brain

A

microglia

45
Q

Macrophage in bone

A

osteoclasts

46
Q

Morphology of macrophage

A

irregular cell membrane

- cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia)

47
Q

Roles of macrophage (3)

A
  • phagocytic
  • produce cytokines
  • antigen presenting cells
48
Q

Where does mast cell originate from?

A

originate in bone marrow from precursor cells lacking cytoplasmic granules, then it migrate to connective tissue or lamina propria of mucosa to proliferate and accumulate cytoplasmic granules

49
Q

Staining mast cell and its granule (2)

A

Using toluidine blue

  • dye color is purple red, but staining is blue (metachromasia)
  • Granule staining with PAS
50
Q

Origin of basophil

A

bone marrow

51
Q

Morphology of lymphocyte

A

small spherical cell with condenced basophilic nucleus and narrow cytoplasm

52
Q

two types of lymphocyte

A

B and T cells

53
Q

What does B-lymphocyte develop into?

A

plasma cells

54
Q

Role of plasma cells

A

synthesize and secrete single class of immunoglobulin (glycoprotein)

55
Q

Morphology of plasma cell when stained (3)

A
  • basophilic cytoplasm (large RER)
  • clockface nucleus- peculiar distribution of chromatin
  • negative golgi (slightly brighter close to nucleus since golgi is acidophilic)
56
Q

Morphology of eosinophils (2)

A
  • eosinophilic granules (red) in cytoplasm

- condensed bilobed nucleus

57
Q

Role of eosinophils (2)

A
  • kills parasitic worms

- phagocytosis of antibody

58
Q

What is the first type of collagen synthesized during wound healing?

A

Reticular fibers

59
Q

3 developmental stages of elastic fiber

A

1st : oxytalan
2nd: elaunin
3rd : elastic

60
Q

is fibrillin of elastic fiber protein or glycoprotein?

A

glycoprotein

61
Q

Examples of glycoprotein in ground substance

A

adhesion molecules - fibronectin, chonderonectin, laminin

integrins - cell surface receptors that bind cells to matrix

BPM DLA1 (47 decks)

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