Lecture 25 Flashcards
Early cellular response to injury
- Cloudy swelling
- Hydropic degeneration
- Fatty change (steatosis)
Cloudy swelling
swelling of organelles leading to loss of normal staining intensity
Hydropic degeneration
Continued swelling of organelles with appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm
Tissue commonly affected hypertrophy (3)
- cardiac (hypertension)
- skeletal muscle
- Uterus (hormonal pregnancy)
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells
Tissue commonly affected by hyperplasia (5)
endometrium, prostate gland, RBC, glandular epithelium of breast, uterine enlargement
What is compensatory hyperplasia
increase in tissue after damage or partial resection
eg. liver
What causes atrophy? (6)
decreased functional demand decreased blood supply loss of innervation loss of endocrine stimulation nutritional deficiency aging
Metaplasia
change in cell differentiation (one cell type is replaced by another cell type, reprogramming stem cells)
Why does metaplasia occur?
As adaptive response to environmental stimuli
eg. cigarette smoke cause respiratory epithelium to change to squamous to protect but it loses cilia (function)
Tissues affected by metaplasia(3)
respiratory epithelium
cervical epithelium
esophageal epithelium
What happens when there is metaplasia at cervix?
columnar epithelium of cervical canal change to stratified squamous epithelium
What happens when there is metaplasia at esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium changed to simple columnar epithelium
What is dysplaisa?
failure of differentiation and maturation
Characteristics of dysplasia(3)
structurally abnormal
high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
large nuclei with dark staining chromatin
