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MLSCI 250 > LECTURE - Respiratory System > Flashcards

LECTURE - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

function of respiratory tract

A
  • olfaction (smell and sense of taste)
  • gas exchange
  • speech and phonation
  • others: clean air, warm it, humidify
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2
Q

divisions (2) of respiratory system

A
  • upper/lower = arbitrary division; no clear anatomic or functional of upper vs lower
  • conducting/respiratory = very specific division; conduction portion carries air (cleaning, humidifying, sterilizing) to the respiratory portion which is involved in gas exchange
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3
Q

sinuses

A

large cavities in the face that are filled with air, these cavities provide increased SAs of warming, cleaning, and humidifying

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4
Q

epithelium of nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses

A

keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium to non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

lamina propria

A
  1. blood vessels = abundant and fairly large heat air (erectile tissue in nose)
  2. glands
    = serous glands release serous secretions including lysozyme and amylase, have basophilic and eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules, moisten the air
    = mucinous glands produce mucinous secretions that create a film on top of the epithelium to trap germs & any particulate matter including pollution/carbon in the air we breathe
  3. inflammatory cells = immune function to protect against germs, near the surface of lamina propria and just below the epithelium; plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils
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6
Q

posterior continuation of the nasal cavity, Eustachian tube enters here, connecting to the ear

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

epithelium and subepithelial tissue of nasopharynx

A

epithelium = respiratory type, foci of non-keratinizing squamous epithelium. If keratinization is seen = abnormal

sub = glands, inflammatory cells, some blood vessels

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8
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

- organized into adenoids, tonsils, Waldeyers ring = a strong line of defense against germs/infections

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9
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A
  • basal cells: stem cells for #2; closest to basement membrane
  • sustentacular cells: tall support cells with nuclei towards the surface
  • olfactory receptor cells: bipolar nerve cells with dendritic processes and axons, connect back to olfactory centers of the brain
    Bowman’s glands
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10
Q

Bowman’s glands

A

produce serous secretions to dissolve odourous substances

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11
Q

complex structure made of plates of elastic cartilage held together by strong thick ligaments and intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

larynx

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12
Q

function of larynx

A
  • speech and phonation
  • prevent aspiration of food into respiratory tract
  • prevent air from entering gastrointestinal tract
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13
Q

epiglottis

A

anterior (lingual) surface

  • contiguous with tongue
  • epithelium = non-keratinizing stratified squamous

posterior surface

  • faces pharynx and larynx
  • upper portion is stratified squamous and lower portion is resp epithelium
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14
Q

vocal cords

A
  • false = location is upper/superior; cell type: resp epithelium
  • true = lower/inferior; cell type: stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium and skeletal muscle also present
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15
Q

trachea

A
  • rigid tube
  • runs midline in the neck and divides into left and right mainstem bronchi
  • lower portion of neck = trachea wrapped by thyroid gland anteriorly
  • epithelium = respiratory epithelium
  • subepithelial tissue
  • hyaline cartilage; shaped like a horseshoe anteriorly; posteriorly = trachea does not have cartilage
    > trachealis muscle is located posteriorly to allows some give to allow for food passage in esophagus (located behind trachea in the neck)
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16
Q

divisions of bronchi

A
  • right = branches into 3 lobar bronchi (right upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe bronchi)
  • left bronchus = branches into 2 lobar bronchi (left upper lobe and lower lobe)
17
Q

cells within respiratory epithelium include …

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
  • goblet cells
  • basal cells
  • intermediate cells = transform into ciliated or goblet cells
  • neuroendocrine cells
18
Q

respiratory bronchioles (2)

A
  • terminal: last part of conducting system
  • respiratory: first level of the respiratory portion of respiratory system
  • epithelium progressively changes from columnar to cuboidal to simple squamous *
19
Q

first level of respiration occurs here

A

respiratory bronchioles but gas exchange is not as efficient as in the more distal locations

  • respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts which lead into alveolar sacs
  • epithelium becomes progressively flatter
20
Q

alveoli #

A

200-600 million ineach lung

21
Q

cellular components of alveoli

A
  • type I pneumocyte: 40%; simple squamous pithelium; covers large SA; this is where gas exchange occurs
  • type II pneumocyte: 60%; more cuboidal in shape; replaces injured type I pneumocytes; produce surfactant = reduces surface tensions within alveoli so they do not collapse with expiration
  • alveolar macrophages: may contain carbon pigment from environment
22
Q

an essential element in the pulmonary parenchyma located in alveolar septal walls, interlobular septa, and the pleura

A

elastin

  • provides elastic recoil; reduces work of breathing
  • lung scrs by laying down elatic + collagen fibres
  • diseases may result in loss of elastin or deposition of elastin
23
Q

disease as a result of loss of elastin in lungs

A

emphysma

24
Q

deposition of more elastin in lungs

A

will increase work of breathing = fibrotic lung disease

25
Q

deposition of more elastin in lungs

A

will increase work of breathing = fibrotic lung disease

26
Q

T or F. basement membranes of type I pneumocytes and endothelium are fused to reduce distance for diffusion

A

T

27
Q

pulmonary vasculature

A
  • lungs have dual supply
  • right side of heart = deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation via pulmonary arterial circulation; returns it to left side of heart via pulmonary veins
  • left side of heart supplies lungs with oxygenated blood via bronchial arterial circulation; arteries are smaller and thicker than pulmonary arteriesq
28
Q

bronchovascular bundle

A

pulmonary arteries enter lung at hilum with the bronchus and branch along with bronchi and bronchioles = seens as a pair referred to as bronchovascular bundle

29
Q

two layers of pleura in the lungs

A
  • visceral (external surface of lungs)
  • parietal (attached to chest wall) with a potential space in between
  • this pleural space normally contains a small amount of fluid to lubricate movement of lungs as they mve against the chest wall and other surfaces during respiration
  • lined by mesothelial cells = two layers of elastin
  • nerves and lymphatics
30
Q

when pleural space fills with fluid

A

pleural effusion

  • congestive her failure
  • blockage of lymphatics
31
Q

when pleural space fills with blood

A

hemothorax

  • bleeding disorders
  • trauma
32
Q

when pleural space fills with pus

A

empyema

- caused by infections

33
Q

when pleural space fills with air

A

pneumothorax

- complications of emphysema

MLSCI 250 (35 decks)

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