Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLSCI 250 > LECTURE - Genitourinary Histology > Flashcards

LECTURE - Genitourinary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

kidney functions

A
  • excretion of wastes/toxins => urine
  • balance of fluid volumes/osmolality
  • acid-base balance and electrolyte balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

renal corpuscle (nephron)

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

> filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

renal tubules (nephron)

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F. There are no glomeruli in the medulla

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proximal tubules

A
  • abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm (bright pink)

- brush border which increases SA to aid with absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Distal tubules

A
  • less cytoplasm, less eosinophilic

- no brush border = smaller role in absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most common malignant kidney tumour

A

clear cell renal carcinoma

  • look golden-yellow grossly
  • tumour cells have clear cytoplasm,with lots of vessels around them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

urothelium lines…

A
  • renal pelvis
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra (except very distal portion = squamous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

big clue to prostate cancer

A

small, rigid cancerous glands infiltrate within larger benign glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

these produce androgens in the males or testosterone

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vast majority of penile cancers arise from…

A

glans or foreskin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

both the glans and foreskin are lined by this epithelium

A

stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vast majority of penile cancers are …

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kidney parenchyma is divided into:

A

renal cortex
- contains all four components
> proxximal tubules => distal tubules

renal medulla

  • no glomeruli
  • distal tubules/collecting ducts only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glomerulus

A
  • network of small blood vessels in which filtration occurs
  • blood enters through afferent arteriole (unfiltered blood)
  • blood exits through efferent arteriole (filtered blood)
  • filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule => proximal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

capillary loops

A
  • in glomerulus
  • network of blood vessels
  • lined by endothelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

podocytes

A
  • in glomerulus
  • contain foot processes + filtration slits
  • visceral epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood pathway in glomerulus

A

blood filters through endothelial cell -> glomerular basement membrane -> podocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

space between capillary loops

A

mesangium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mesangium

A

contains mesangial cells

- provide support for glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

disease of kidney vessels

A

vasculitides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

kidney disease is often secondary to a

A

systemic disease

- diabetes, hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

kidney disease due to high BP

A

hypertensive nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

major cause of end-stage renal disease

A

hypertensive nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In this pathology, kidney surfaces are no longer smooth=> granular

A

hypertensive nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T or F. there is no mass or tumour in hypertensive nephrosclerosis

A

T! a non-neoplastic disease

  • blood vessels get bigger/hicker
  • glomeruli die due to lack of oxygen/blood -> glomerulosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

renal pelvis

A
  • dilated portion of ureter

- renal parenchyma leads into the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ureter

A

conduit for urine from renal pelvis -> bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

bladder

A

storage space for urine until micturition

- facilitated by the detrusor muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

urethra

A
  • conduit or urine from bladder
  • different segments
  • pre-prostatic
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • penile (spongy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T or F. All of urinary tract is lined by same epithelium

A

T! urothelium (EXCEPT very distal portions = squamous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

three cell types in the urotheium

A
  • umbrella cells: single layer, large and eosinopilic, can be multinucleated
  • intermediate cells: columnar cells
  • basal cells: small, cuboidal, flat; overlies basement membrane -> lamina propria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this muscle is in the bladder

A

detrusor

34
Q

this muscle is in the bladder

A

detrusor

35
Q

layers of bladder ( as well as renal pelvis, ureter, urethra)

A
  • urothelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  • muscularis propria (detrusor)
  • adventitia/serosal fat
36
Q

T or F. There is no submucosa in the bladder

A

T

37
Q

T or F. deeper invasion in the bladder = higher cancer stage

A

T

38
Q

describe the muscularis mucosa of the bladder

A

thin, wispy, discontinuous bundles of smooth muscle within lamina propria

39
Q

describe muscularis propria (detrusor muscle)

A

thick, tightly paccked, continuous bundles of smooth muscle

40
Q

bladder cancer invading into this layer will mean removing the bladder (cystectomy)

A

muscularis propria

41
Q

relaxed urothelium

A

5-7 cell layers thick

42
Q

stretched urothelium

A

2-3 cell layers thick

43
Q

atypical cells

A

larger, darker, irregular nuclei, prominent nucleoli

44
Q

pleomorphic cells

A

cells/nuclei of varying sizes and shapes amongst each other

45
Q

cancer

A

atypical cells
pleomorphic cells
cells are disorganized

46
Q

most common type of cancer in the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra

A

urotelial carcinoma

- tends to ‘skip’ along the urothelial tract

47
Q

two patterns of urotheial carcinoma

A

flat vs. papillary

48
Q

cancer is forming “finger-like” projections around a fibrovascular core

A

papillary urothelial carcinoma

49
Q

parts of the prostate

A
  • base: superiors; sits under the bladder neck
  • apex: inferor
  • bilateral seminal vesicles: extends superior-posterior to prostate
  • prostatic urethra: courses along prostate (base -> apex)
50
Q

different prostate pathologies can arise from different zones

A
  • cancer = perioheral zone

- benign prostatic hyperplasia = transition zone

51
Q

where does prostate cancer originate from

A

peripheral zone

- may be palpable on digital rectal exam

52
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

transition zone; lower urinary tract symptoms

53
Q

central zone cancer

prostate

A

area containing ejaculatory ducts

- merges with vas deferens => urethra

54
Q

prostate gland histology

A
  • prostate glands (acini): secretes postatic fluid which is alkaline and helps neutralize the acidic vaginal cavity
  • prostate stroma: collagenous fibrous tissue + smooth muscle
55
Q

describe benign prostate glands

A
  • undulating contour
  • tend to be larger than cancer glands
  • consists of two layers
    > secretory: small round nuclei, cannot see nucleoli; lots of pale, clear cytoplasm
    > basal: flatter cells, can be hard to see on standard H+E, may even need to stain them with specific proteins to highlight them
56
Q

describe what benign prostate hyperplasia looks like

A
  • large nodules of proliferative flands => benign glands

- compresses on urethra => produces lower urinary tract symptoms (difficulty voiding, dribbling, nocturia)

57
Q

prostate cancer histology (benign)

A
  • small, rigid cancerous glands infiltrate within larger being glands
  • different patterns of prosyaye cancer => Gleason patterns
    > corresponds to different grades or aggressiveness of the cancer
58
Q

malignant prostate cancer histology

A
  • smaller rigid glands
  • nuclei are larger and cytoplasm is less
    > cancer glands have increased N:C ratio
  • glands have only one cell layer = basal cell layer is lost; may be hard to appreciate on H+E
  • nucleoli are prominent
59
Q

immunohistochemistry on prostate

A
  • AMACR = red stain that highlights cancer
  • brown stain = p40 + HMWK = highlights basal cell layer = not cancer
  • all three stains together = PIN cocktail
60
Q

seminal vesicle histology

A
  • all consits of glands and stroma
    > secretes fluid which forms the bulk of semen
  • fluid is main energy source for sperm
  • normal cells look “ugly” = pleomorphic and atypical
    > lipofuscin pigment can help distinguish
  • there are no real pathologies intrinsic to the seminal vesicle
    > however, prostate cancer can spread to seminal vesicle
    > increases cancer stage
61
Q

male gonads

A

testes

62
Q

function of testes

A

prodction of sperm and androgens (testosterone)

63
Q

path that sperm travels

A

seminiferous tubules -> Rete testes -> ductuli efferentes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

64
Q

spermatic cord

A

vas deferens, testicular artery, papmpiniform plexus (veins), nerves, muscle (cremasteric)

65
Q

each testis is surrounded by …

A 
tunica albuginea (inner layer)
tunica vaginalis (outer layer)
66
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

semineferous tubules

- process of spermatogenesis

67
Q

Sertoli cells

A

provide support during spermatogenesis

68
Q

epididymis epithelium

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED

69
Q

this helps propel the sperm out

A

epididymis

70
Q

path of sperm in epididymis

A

from ductuli efferentes to head to body to tail to vas deferens

71
Q

this has thick bundles of smooth muscle which helps squeeze sperm upwards towards ejaculatory duct

A

vas deferens

72
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • located in the interstitium (space bw semineferous tubules)
  • have bright pink (eosinophilic) cytoplasm
  • produces androgens (testosterone)
73
Q

most common testicular tumor

A

pure seminoma

  • equivalent to dysgerminoma of the ovary
  • part of the family of germ cell tumors
  • seminoma + embryonal carcinoma + yolk sac tumor + choriocarcinoma + teratoma + fixed GCTs
74
Q

penile urethra

A
  • involved in voiding of urine and ejaculation of sperm

- surrounded by corpus spongiosum

75
Q

what is the corpus cavernosum?

A
  • spongy tissue which engorges with blood to initiate erection
  • engorged tissue compresses veins to maintain erection
  • bundles of smooth muscle + fibrous + network of vessels
76
Q

vast majority of penile cancers arise fro

A

glans or foreskin

77
Q

what epithelium are both the glans and foreskin lined by

A

stratified squamous epithelium

78
Q

glans penis

A
  • straitfied squamous epithelium = may have a layer of keratin
  • does not have adnexal structures = no sebaceous glands, hair follicles
79
Q

foreskin

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)

- does have adnexal structures

80
Q

vast majority of penile cancers are

A

squamous cell carcinoma

81
Q

T or F. cancers tend to arise from the type of epithelium that is intrinsic to that organ

A

T

82
Q

initiation and maintenance of erection

A

corpus cavernosum

MLSCI 250 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions