LECTURE - GI System Flashcards

1
Q

GI glands have two main functions

A
  • digestion of food

- protection of the GI mucosa

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2
Q

acinus

A

a spherical mass of cells with a lumen at the center

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3
Q

mucosa of esophagus

A

non-keratinized squamous epithelium

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4
Q

lamina propria of esophagus

A

blood vessels, inflammatory cells, mucus glands

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5
Q

muscularis mucosa of esophagus

A

peristalsis

- small layer

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6
Q

muscularis propria

A

bigger muscle layer - responsible for lots of peristalsis

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7
Q

submucosa

A

supportive tissue = mucus glands, blood vessels, nerves

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8
Q

synonymous with serosa for esophagus

A

adventitia (covers esophagus)

  • loose connective tissue - lacks true serosa for most of its length
  • doesnt need it like colon does for ex (‘floating’)
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9
Q

glands in esophagus

A
  • submucosal mucus glands with cuboidal lined ducts running up the luminal surface
  • glands resemble salivary and Brunner’s glands
  • gastric glands may be metaplastic or just related to location
  • can find heterotopic pancreas tissue
  • intestinal glands or goblet cells are indicative of metaplasia and Barrett esophagus
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10
Q

a mixed endocrine and exocrine organ that both digests food and secretes hormones into the bloodstream

A

stomach

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11
Q

stomach histology

A
  • simple columnar (foveolar epithelium)
  • gastric pits
  • glands beneath the pits
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12
Q

Paneth cells

A

secrete antimicrobial substances

- mainly small bowel and right colon

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13
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A
  • unique to duodenum
  • submucosal
  • secrete alkaline mucus fluid that neutralizes stomach acid so it doesn’t burn a hole in the duodenum
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14
Q

colon

A
  • main function = absorption of water
  • consists of long tubular crypts (Crypts of Lieberkuhn)
  • goblet cells are abundant
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15
Q

protein synthesis in liver

A
  • albumin
  • prothrombin
  • fibrinogen
  • lipoproteins
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16
Q

glandular epithelial cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

function of the small bowel

A

absorption of nutrients

- need massive SA; long and has tiny villi that carpet the lumen

18
Q

surgeries which reduce the length of mal intestine

A

can lead to problems with maladsorption

- short gut syndrome

19
Q

where are goblet cells found?

A

throughout small and large bowel

20
Q

two main entities of inflammatory bowel disease

A

Chron’s disease

Ulcerative colitis

21
Q

Crohn’s disease

A
  • can affect entireity of GI tract

- most typically affects terminal ileum

22
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A
  • limited to colon

- tycially afects rectum and distal colon but can spread contiguously

23
Q

function of the salivary glands

A
  • digestion (amylase)
  • lubrication (mucin)
  • immunologic (IgA)
24
Q

types of salivary gland secretions

A
  • serous

- mucinous

25
Q

parotid gland

A
  • purely serous
  • contributes 25% of saliva
  • branched acinar
  • secretions contain amylase and IgA
26
Q

serous acini

A
  • watery (pink) secretions = enzymes and Abs

- pyramidal shaped cells with basophilic cytoplasm

27
Q

mucinous acini

A
  • secrete viscous (clear) mucus

- cuboidal to columnar cells with pale pink cytoplasm and oval nnucle towards the base of the cells

28
Q

submandibular gland

A
  • serous and mucinous
  • 70% of saliva
  • branched tubuloacinar pattern
  • serous deminlunes secrete lysozyme
29
Q

lysozyme

A

the body’s natural antimicrobial enzyme

30
Q

sublingual

A
  • mainly mucinous
  • branched tubuloacinar gland
  • produces lactoferrin (antimicrobial)
  • contributes 5% of saliva
31
Q

interlobular, intralobular, intercalated ducts run through this organ

A

pancreas

32
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

compound acinar glands

  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • carboxypeptidase
  • ribonuclease
  • deoxyribonuclease
  • lipase
  • amylase
  • phospholipase A2
  • elastase
33
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

islet of Langerhans

  • alpha: glucagon
  • beta: insulin and amylin
  • delta: somatostatin
  • epsilon: ghrelin
  • PP cells (gamma or F): pancreatic polypeptide
34
Q

T or F. similar to pancreas, the liver has both endocrine and exocrine function

A

T!

  • each hepatocyte contributes to both functions with no division of labour (UNLIKE pancreas)
  • so hepatocytes are connected to both the blood supply and bile ducts
35
Q

function of liver

A

protein synthesis

  • albumin
  • prothrombin
  • fibrinogen
  • lipoproteins
36
Q

architechture of liver

A
  • divided up into lobules
  • central vein at center
  • ptal triad at periphery
  • between stacks of hepatocytes are sinusoids
37
Q

sinusoids of liver are lined by

A

Kupffer cells = imobilized macrophages

38
Q

this runs between hepatocytes and carry bile into ducts

A

bile canaliculi

39
Q

what makes up the portal tracts

A
  • heptic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • bile duct
  • sometimes lymphatic vessel
40
Q

T or F. occasionally, more than 1 bile duct is present per portal tract

A

T!

41
Q

gallbladder

A
  • simple columnar
  • NO goblet cells
  • no submucosa
  • no muscularis mucosa or propria
  • has muscularis externa