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MLSCI 250 > LECTURE - Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, and Skin > Flashcards

LECTURE - Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, and Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • basic tissue type of mesodermal origin
  • provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues/organs throughout body:
    > loose ‘packing material’ bw cells
  • dense structural support
  • exchange of nutrients, metabolites, and waste products
  • energy storage and thermal regulation
  • immune system
  • tissue repair
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2
Q

responsible for tensile strength

A

collagen

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3
Q

main fiber in CT; most abundant protein in body

A

collagen

- polymers of tropocollagen

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4
Q

type I collagen

A

fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

type II collagen

A

hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

type III collagen

A
  • reticulin
  • supporting meshwork
  • silver stain positive
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7
Q

type IV collagen

A

basement membranes

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8
Q

type VII collagen

A

anchoring fibrils

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9
Q

protein responsible for stretch/recoil

A

elastin

  • skin, lung, blood vessels
  • synthesized by fibroblasts
  • tropoelastin
  • requires presence of structural glycoprotein = fibrillin
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10
Q

gel-like material that allows pasage of molecules through connective tisue

A

ground substance

- consists of glycosaminoglycans

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11
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A
  • long unbranched polysaccharide chain => small mass, large vol
  • negatively-charged hydrophilic side groups = extracellular fluid
  • ex: Hyaluronic acid
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12
Q

interface between CT and parenchymal cells (epithelium)

A

basement membrane

- lamina lucia, lamina densa, lamina fibroreticularis

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13
Q

white fat

A
  • large lipid droplets
  • 20-25% of body weight in normal well-nourished adults
  • energy store, thermal insulator, shock absorber
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14
Q

brown fat

A
  • small lipid droplets
  • abundant mitochondria
  • non-shivering thermogenesis (mitochondria uncoupling)
  • hibernating animals, newborn mammals
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15
Q

rigid protective and supporting framework; deposition of calcium salts within collagen and matrix

A

bone

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16
Q

smooth articular surface at ends of bone structural support in special areas (eg, ears), new bone formation

A

cartilage

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17
Q

joints

A

composite structures joining bones and permitting varying degrees of movement

  • ligaments: bone-to-bone connections (stabilize joints); ACL
  • tendons: bone-to-muscle connections (move joints); Achilles’ tendon
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18
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid nature due to predominant ground substance within ECM

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19
Q

different types of cartilage vary in amount and nature of fibers:

A
  • hyaline: few fibers; lots of ECM
  • fibrocartilage: abndant collagen fibres
  • elastic: elastic fibers
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20
Q

development of cartilage

A

precursor chondroblasts grow and synthesize ground substance/fibers => trapped mature chondrocytes maintain cartilage matrix

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21
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • nasal septum
  • larynx
  • tracheal rings
  • most articular surface
  • sternal ends of ribs
  • developing skeleton
  • found where we need flexibility*
22
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis
  • some joints
  • alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and dense collagen
  • tensile strength
23
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • external ear/auditory canal
  • epiglottis
  • parts of larynx
  • walls of Eustachian tubes
  • similar hyaline but with numerous elastic fibers (stained black due to affinity for silver salts)
24
Q

osteoid

A

ECM (type I collagen) that become mineralized calcium hydroxyapatite

25
Q

synthesize osteoid, line up on surface of bone

A

osteoblasts

26
Q

inactive osteoblasts trapped within bone

A

osteocytes

27
Q

multinucleated phagocytes that erode bone and facilitate resorption/remodeling

A

osteoclasts

28
Q

trabeculae

A

network of fine irregular plates within cancellous (medullary bone)

28
Q

components of long bones

A
  • compact (cortical): dense walls of diaphysis (shaft)
  • cancellous (medullary) bone: central medullary cavity; network of fine irregular plates called trabeculae
  • periosteum: dense fibrous layer covering external surface
  • joint surfaces protected by hyaline cartilage
29
Q

diarthrosis

A
  • synovial joint
  • joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones
  • constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones’ articulating surfaces.
30
Q

non-synovial joints

A
  • limited movement
  • syndesmoses (dense fibrous tissue): sutures between bones of skull
    > replaced by bone with age => synostoses
  • synchondrosis (hyaline): connection between first rib and sternum (little it of movement)
  • symphyses (fibrocartilage): pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
31
Q

tough, flexible straps/cords of collagen fibers that connect muscles to bone

A

tendons

32
Q

largest organ in body (weight, SA)

A

SKIN

- marked site-specific function

33
Q

functions of the skin

A
  • protection (UV, chemical, thermal, mechanical)
  • sensation (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
  • thermoregulation (heat loss, retention)
  • metabolic functions (vit D3 synthesis)
  • physical appearance (skin, hair, nails)
34
Q

three main layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium; produces a surface layer of protein = keratin
  • dermis: fibrocollagenous and elastic tissue, blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors; skin appendages (mainly here)= hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
  • subcutis/hypodermis: mainly adipose tissue, larger blood vessels that supply dermis
35
Q

epidermis

A

self-regenerating stratified squamous epithelium

- keratin, melanocytes, Langerhans cells Merkel cells

36
Q

dermis

A
  • horizontally arranged collagen ad elastic fibres, fibroblasts
  • blood vessels, sensory organs
  • skin appendages (eg: eccrine gland and ducts)
37
Q

subcutis

A

adipose tissue

dermal collagen extensions

38
Q

layers of the epidermis

A
  • stratum corneum = lack nuclei
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum = kerattohyaline granules
  • stratum spinosum = cytokeratin -> tonofibrils, desmosomes
  • stratum basale = mitotic figures
39
Q

‘prickle cell layer’

A
  • stratum spinosum

- bundles of tonofibrils converge into numerous desmosomes that form contacts between adjacent kerainocytes

40
Q

melanocytes

A
  • derived from migrating neural crest cells
  • positive with S100 stain
  • produce melanin for skin/hair pigmentation, UV protection
  • scattered in basal layer (stratum basale); more numerous in sun-exposed sites
  • similar in # between light and dark-skinned individuals; differences in synthetic activity (more active cells in darker indivs)
41
Q

hair follicles

A
  • for thermoregulation, display
  • three phases:
    > active growth (ANAGEN)
    > involution (catagen)
    > resting (telogen)
42
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • secrete sebum (waterproofing)
  • majority associated with hair follicles; exceptions = nipple-areola, eyelids, buccal/labial mucosa
  • surround hair follicle and discharge holocrine lipid secretions or sebum onto hair shaft
  • arrector pili muscle inserts below sebaceous glands
43
Q

eccrine glands

A
  • secrete sweat (thermoregulation)
  • widespread (esp. palms, soles, forehead, axilla)
  • coiled secretory glands: deep dermis/upper subcutis; outer layer of contractile myoepithelial cells
  • eccrine ducts: double layer of epithelial cells, inner cuboidal; microvilli lining lumen, biochemically active (modify water, NaCl composition of sweat)
44
Q

apocrine glands

A
  • scent production in animals (less in humans)
  • mainly nipple-areola, axilla, groin
  • large glands w/ dilated lumen, eosinophilic budding with apical budding, myoepithelial cell layer
  • secrete into adjacent hair follicle viaduct similar to sweat glands
  • viscid milky secretion => becomes malodorous after action of skin commensal bacteria (not functional until puberty)
45
Q

epidermal skin appendages (4)

A
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous glans
  • eccrine glands
  • apocrine glands
46
Q

overall skin thickness depends on these layers

A

dermis and subcutis
> eyelids: both layers thin
> buttocks/back: dermis thick, subcutis usually thick
- collagen and elastic fibers; progressive degeneration of upper dermal collagen and elastin with age = wrinkling + loss of texture
- dermis = skin appendages, most vascular supply + nerves, sensory endings

47
Q

Layers of dermis

A 
- papillary dermis:
 > fine interlacing collagen and elastin
 > small vessels, lymphatics and fine nerve twigs 
- reticular dermis:
 > larger collagen bundles and elastin fibres
 > larger vessels and nerves
 > skin appendages
 > widely variable thickness
48
Q

composed of predominantly mature adipose tissue

A

subcutis

  • partially compartmentalized by vertical fibrous septa from lower dermis
  • some sites contain anagen hair follicles (scalp), apocrine glands (axilla, groin), eccrine (palms, soles), skeletal muscle (face)
49
Q

what skin layer derives its name from abundant desmosomes present?

A

stratum spinosum

50
Q

surround hair follicle and discharge holocrine lipid secretions onto hair shaft

A

sebaceous glands

- arrector pili muscle inserts below sebaceous gland

MLSCI 250 (35 decks)

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